Visual Perception of Virtual Fabric Properties in 3D Activewear Dynamic Visualization

Three-dimensional (3D) virtual garments imitate the silhouette and details of clothing in a virtual space on a computer without producing actual clothing and have been used in a variety of fields. As non-face-to-face services have become more popular in the fashion field, they are now being used for virtual models or digital fashion shows. As a result, the virtual garment must be similar to the real one. Drape is one of the factors that determines the silhouette of the garment. Thus, in this study, we compared the difference between real and virtual fabrics by using drape to confirm the similarity between the real and virtual fabrics. Fabrics were divided based on the fabric type and drape difference between the real and virtual fabrics. The experiment was carried out with the help of 287 woven and 318 knit fabrics. The drape ratio was used to test the drape quality of materials. By employing drape ratio, woven and knit fabrics were divided into seven grades, with eight fabrics selected for each grade. The drape ratio of the virtual and real fabrics was evaluated after creating virtual fabrics of selected fabrics using the CLO 3D application. Correlation analysis revealed that there is a correlation between the drape ratio of the real and virtual fabric for both woven and knit fabrics. However, t-test results demonstrate that there is a difference between the drape ratio of the real and virtual fabric, with the virtual fabric drape tending to be larger than the drape ratio of the real fabric. When fabrics were divided by type, the outer fabrics had the largest difference in drape between real and virtual. As drape property is affected by fabric functional processing, additional research is needed to determine what kind of functional processing affects the difference between real and virtual fabrics. In this study, physical and data were extracted from, and it is expected that this research can help contribute to the reproducibility of 3D modeling in the fashion field.

This study analyzes how the silhouette of virtual garments applied to virtual avatars is altered according to various virtual fabric properties. This study measures the properties of real fabrics that include a charmeuse (#F1) and gabardine (#F2) using the Fabric Analysis by Simple Testing system; in addition, the material properties of different real fabrics were applied to that of the virtual fabric. It then evaluates the drape stiffness and silhouette of the virtual garments according to the different fabrics. This study also compared the virtual garment silhouette of sample fabric #F1-S that changed only the stretch property of the sample fabric #F1 with the virtual garment silhouette of sample fabric #F1. The results show that the fabric properties including bend, thickness, weight, stretch, shear values affect the drape stiffness, silhouette, and fit of the virtual garment simulated on virtual avatars and may be used for the realistic virtual garment technology.

Control and optimization of human perception on virtual garment products by learning from experimental data

3D virtual garment design using specific computer-aided-design software has attracted a great attention of textile/garment companies. However, there generally exists a perceptual gap between virtual and real products for both designers and consumers. This paper aims at quantitatively charactering human perception on virtual fabrics and its relation with the technical parameters of real fabrics. For this purpose, two sensory experiments are carried out on a small number of fabric samples. By learning from the identified input (technical parameters of the software) and output (sensory descriptors) data, we set up a series of models using different techniques. The fuzzy ID3 decision tree model has shown better performance than the other ones.

Thermo-physiological comfort is a complex feeling affected by clothing, environment and physical activity of a human body. It is very important to understand the influence of the different variables, such as air temperature and humidity, fabric properties and heat and moisture produced from the human body, and their relationships in order to design new textile materials that can satisfy the always more strictly requirements of technical textile in terms of comfort behaviour. While environmental conditions and metabolic heat and moisture production are independent variables that should be analyzed but that cannot be modified because they depends from the physical activity and from the environment where it should be done, garments behaviour can be modified, using different materials, construction parameters, etc..., in order to give the optimal comfort behaviour. In the last decades, always more attention has been paid in the development of comfortable clothing for both technical and common use; for this reason the interaction of garments with both the human body and the environment has been the subject of many studies. This research work aims to analyze the comfort properties that can be measured for fabrics evaluation and to develop, using modelling techniques, a prediction method of comfort behaviour; four fabric properties, namely air permeability, thermal properties, liquid and vapour transport through the fabric has been analyzed. A fabric is a heterogeneous 3D ordered structure made of fibres, yarns and trapped air and for this reason in order to be able to predict its comfort properties it is necessary to predict its geometrical structure using only its basic design parameters; this is the first stage for the development of any prediction method because comfort properties highly depends from fabric structure. In this work, starting from the basic design parameters of yarns and fabrics and using the geometrical fabric model developed by Hearle, all the fabrics geometrical parameters have been defined; later, using TexGen, an open source software developed at the University of Nottingham in 1998, the fabric geometries have been created. The second stage of this research work has been focused on the simulation of the fabrics comfort properties, for different fabrics structures and composition, and their comparison with experimental values. Air permeability, that represent the resistance to the air that flows through the fabric, is one of the most important parameters that influence comfort properties, because it influences both the vapour and moisture transport and thermal properties. Simulations that have been done show that it is possible to predict, with a good approximation, air permeability behaviour of different fabrics. Thermal properties, namely thermal resistance, have been investigated using a simplified geometry of textile fabrics in order to better compare the 3D virtual model with the experimental tests; in this case there is a quite good approximation of the simulated values due to this simplified geometry. For thermal properties modelling not only the comparison with experimental tests has been done but also some simulations that better represents a real case, in which fabric is not pressed between the measuring heads but where its distance from the skin can vary from contact to some millimetres. Also vapour adsorption process have been investigated in order to analyze the behaviour of different fibres and for different temperature and relative humidity conditions. When the human body is under low physical activities the air layer between skin and fabric can reach temperature in the range of 30°C to 40°C and relative humidity in the range of 60% to 90%; in these cases the prediction of the adsorption mechanism, that is an exothemic process, has to be taken into account especially for natural fibres that have high values of differential heat of sorption. Finally a case-study, represented by a 3D model of a back protector, is presented; using the experimental data measured in the climatic chamber at the Advanced Technology Textile Laboratory in Biella, some thermal simulations has been carried out. The research aims to develop a simulation method that starting from the basically constructive parameters of fibres, yarns and fabrics used to create any 3D fabric geometries leads to a fully predictive simulation method that allow to reduce the costs for the development of new high performance fabrics

Toward Routine Use of 3D Histopathology as a Research Tool

To explore the clinical value of three-dimensional (3D) visualization technique in laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 73 patients with right colon cancer undergoing laparoscopic D3 radical operation in our hospital between May, 2019 and March, 2021. Among these patients, 41 underwent enhanced CT examination with 3D visualization reconstruction to guide the actual operation, and 32 underwent enhanced CT examination only before the operation (control group). In 3D visualization group, we examined the coincidence rate between the 3D visualization model and the findings in surgical exploration of the anatomy and variations of the main blood vessels, supplying vessels of the tumor, and the tumor location, and the coincidence rate between the actual surgical plan for D3 radical resection of right colon cancer and the plan formulated based on the 3D model. The operative time, estimated blood loss, unexpected injury of blood vessels, number of harvested lymph nodes, mean time of the first flatus, complications, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative drainage volume were compared between the two groups. The operative time was significantly shorter in 3D visualization group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The volume of blood loss, proportion of unexpected injury of blood vessel, the number of harvested lymph nodes, time of the first flatus, proportion of complications, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative drainage volume did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the 3D visualization group, the 3D visualization model clearly displayed the shape and direction of the colon, the location of the tumor, the anatomy and variation of the main blood vessels and the blood vessels supplying the cancer, and showed a coincidence rate of 100% with the findings by surgical exploration. The surgical plan for D3 radical resection of right colon cancer was formulated based on the 3D model also showed a coincidence rate of 100% with the actual surgical plan. The 3D visualization reconstruction technique allows clear visualization the supplying arteries of the tumor and their variations to improve the efficiency, safety and accuracy of laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer.

The twisting effect is closely related to the mechanical properties and structure of fabrics. An investigation has been made of the relation between yarn and fabric properties in terms of tensile and bending properties by gradually changing the resultant count of the plied yarn.1) A high correlation has been found between yarn and fabric properties of tensile (WT), bending (B, 2HB) and physical properties (thickness and weight).2) A surface roughness (SMD) increases with increasing the resultant count of the plied yarn. The superficial crepe effect of the coarse yarn fabric is more remarkably detected with increasing the difference of the count of the constituent single yarn in the coarse yarn fabric.3) The bending properties (B, 2HB) of gray and finished fabrics of coarse yarn more increases than those of fine yarn fabrics. The relative constant (R) indicating the degeee of interaction of the bending properties between yarn and fabric is shown by : R=XF/N·XYwhere, XF : bending properties of fabrics, XY : bending properties of yanrs, andN : number of yarns per unit width of fabric.The value of R relating to the bending rigidity of a fabric of cotton/cotton plied yarn is larger than those of cotton/polyester multi filament plied yarn irrespective of the resultant yarn count. By contrast, the R relating to the bending hysteresis is almost constant irrespective of the yarn count and the kind of plied yarns.

Wool fabric was treated with low temperature plasma (LTP) with a non-polymerizing gas, namely oxygen. After the LTP treatment, the properties of the fabric, including low-stress mechanical properties, air permeability and thermal properties, were studied. The low-stress mechanical properties obtained by the means of Kawabata Evaluation System Fabric (KES-F) revealed that the tensile, shearing, bending, compression and surface properties were altered after the LTP treatment. The changes in these properties are believed to be related closely to the inter-fiber and inter-yarn frictional force induced by the LTP treatment. The decrease in the air permeability of the treated wool fabric was found to be probably due to the plasma action effect on increasing in the fabric thickness and a change in fabric surface morphology. The change in the thermal properties of the LTP-treated wool fabric was in good agreement with the above findings and can be attributed to the amount of air trapped between the yarns and fibers. This study suggested that the properties changed by the LTP treatment can influence the final properties of the wool fabric.

With the rapid advancement of digital technology, virtual fashion was born, signifying a milestone in the history of fashion. However, virtual fashion necessitates the accuracy of virtual garments. Therefore, it is necessary to verify that the software accurately reflects the fabric's properties. To accurately evaluate the software, this study altered a few material parameters and compared the results to the actual measured outputs. The selection of three categories of heavy, medium, and light fabrics for measurement is based on industry standards. Sampling based on physical experiments would require a great deal of time and resources; thus, this study proposes a solution to visualize the fabric properties with few inputs in order to surmount the drawbacks of the actual sampling method. The virtual method is utilized to establish fabric properties on the software and assess the drape of various fabric samples. The drape on CLO3D is determined by formatting the fabric's shadow contour, while the drape coefficient is calculated using ImageJ. This coefficient of drapery will be compared to actuality to determine if the software accurately represents the fabric's properties. The drape of the virtual fabric samples after being tried on the virtual mannequin, will be used to design basic garments. Based on the results, the appearance of the product will be evaluated by wearing fabric samples on the virtual mannequin. Increasing the weight of the fabric altered the skirt's appearance due to the higher coefficient of drapery. The increased drape coefficient made the fabric firmer, and the heaviest fabrics were the most rigid, resulting in a greater skirt spread. In contrast, the lightweight fabric exhibited a low coefficient of drape, resulting in softer products. Heavy fabric creates fewer folds. The folds created by the drape of light and medium fabric samples under the effect of their own weight on the CLO3D software are not as smooth and clear as the real samples.

Twisting effect is an important factor determining the mechanical properties and structure of fabrics. An investigation was made of the relation between yarn and fabrics properties in terms of their tensile and bending properties when the resultant count of the plied yarn was varied.1) A high correlation was found between yarn and fabric properties such as tensile, bending, and physical properties (thickness, and weight).2) Surface roughness increases with increasing resultant count of piled yarn. Superficial crepe effect was obtained in coarse yarn fabrics when the constituent single yarns differed greatly in count.3) The bending rigidity of gray and finished fabrics of coarse yarns were greater than those of fine yarn fabrics. The constant (R) indicating the degree of correlation between yarn and fabric in their bending rigidities is expressed as: R=Xf; /N•Xy; where, Xf; : bending rigidity of fabrics, Xy; : bending rigidity of yarns, and bending rigidity of fabrics, N: number of yarns per unit width of fabric.The value of R for cotton/cotton plied yarn fabrics is larger than those for cotton/polyester multi-filament plied yarn fabrics irrespective of the resultant yarn count.

Fabric bending property dictates fabric crease behaviors. Exploring the relationship between fabric bending and crease recovery properties is important for better understanding of fabric performance. This paper presents the viscoelasticity modeling of a creased fabric to characterize the torque and bending deformation by crease recovery and bending parameters, respectively. In the experiment, nine types of fabrics were selected to analyze the relation between bending property and crease recovery property. The bending rigidity (B) and the bending hysteresis moment (2HB) were measured by the KES-FB2 Pure Bending Tester. The initial angular velocity (IV) was measured by a dynamic crease recovery tester. The experimental results showed that B and 2HB generally decrease at the beginning and then almost remain unchanged with the increase in IV. We used an exponential function to express the non-linear relation between bending rigidity and the initial angular velocity, and proved that the initial angular velocity is related to fabric bending property and can be used to characterize the fabric crease recovery property.

An objective fabric modeling system should convey not only the visual but also the haptic and audio sensory feedbacks to remote/internet users via an audio-haptic interface. In this paper we develop a fabric surface property modeling system consisting of a based fabric characteristic sound modeling, and an audio-haptic interface. By using a stylus, people can perceive fabrics surface roughness, friction, and softness though not as precisely as with their bare fingers. The audio-haptic interface is intended to simulate the case of feeling a virtually fixed fabric via a rigid stylus by using the PHANToM haptic interface. We develop a DFFT based correlation-restoration method to model the surface roughness and friction coefficient of a fabric, and a physically based method to model the sound of a fabric when rubbed by a stylus. The audio-haptic interface, which renders synchronized auditory and haptic stimuli when the virtual rubs on the surface of a virtual fabric, is developed in VC++6.0 by using OpenGL and the PHANToM GHOST SDK. We asked subjects to test our audio-haptic interface and they were able to differentiate the surface properties of virtual fabrics in the correct order. We show that the virtual fabric is a good modeling of the real counterpart.

The effect of fabric structural parameters and fiber type on the comfort-related properties, namely water vapor resistance and thermal resistance, of commercial apparel (suiting) fabrics, containing both natural and man-made fibers have been studied using a Permetest. The effects of the various fabric parameters on the comfort-related properties were determined and quantified using multiple regression analyses and best fit regression equations. It was found that the fabric parameters, mass and thickness in particular, had a much greater effect on the comfort-related properties, than did the fiber type or blend, or fabric structure.

Breathable layered waterproof fabrics have good applications in the fields of sportswear, protective clothing and construction industries. The properties of these fabrics in allowing water vapour to pass through while preventing liquid water from entering have made them unique. The mechanical properties of these fabrics are also very important for the satisfaction of the wearers. The layered constructions of these fabrics with different characteristic properties contribute to the influence on their hydrostatic resistance, mechanical properties and water vapour permeability. This study presents an experiment on eight different types of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane laminated layered fabrics used as sportswear during hot or cold weather. The hydrostatic resistance, tensile strength, stiffness and water vapour permeability of these fabrics were evaluated by varying different fabric parameters in the experiment. It was found from the test results that the fabric density, thickness and weight as well as types of membranes and layers have a significant effect on those properties of the layered fabrics.