Visual Assessment pada Bangunan Gedung Terhadap Sistem Keamanan Kebakaran

office buildings are generally known to have high-rise of fire due to its complexity, combustible materials, and its economic value. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the fire safety protection and prevention system installed in six randomly selected office buildings. The method adopted in achieving the study objective includes literature review, interview, and physical inspection/observation. Thus, a multiattribute evaluation approach was adopted to establish adequate, inadequate, and no fire safety systems, used the pre-designed checklist from NFPA, 2008, NBC, 2006, and NFSC, 2013. The analysis of the result shows that some of the fire safety systems are mainly provided in the buildings. Thus, inadequate maintenance affect their performance greatly; the result shows that fire extinguisher has the highest performance among the fire safety system provided with 66.6% of the buildings have adequate, good working condition, properly position, etc., while 33.4% of the building does not have adequate fire extinguisher in term of performance, are not maintenance the system display lack in term of total compliance to the standard fire regulation. The results of the other systems were as follows: place of safety (33.4%); inadequate, (66.4%) no fire safety system, (0.00%) adequate, Escape Stair (0.00%), adequate, (33.4%) inadequate, (66.6%), no fire safety system, Fire Door (17%) adequate, (83%) inadequate (0.00%) no fire safety system, Travel distance (0.00%) adequate, (83%) inadequate, (17%) no fire system, Emergency lighting (0.00%) adequate, (100%) inadequate, (0.00%) no fire safety system, Fire Alarm (16.6%) adequate (66.6%) inadequate, (16.6%) no fire safety system. The firefighters access (0.00%) adequate, (100%) inadequate, (0.00%) no fire safety system, Artificial lighting (17%) adequate, (83%) inadequate and (0.00%) no fire safety system. Judging from the findings, the study recommended that, regular maintenance of fire safety system should be done to enhance effective functionality of the systems, effective fire safety management system should be developed to enhance continuous functions of the installed system and construction of any office building should be made to comply strictly with existing fire safety regulation, standard, and code.

This report has two objectives: 1. To confirm that the Fire and Life Safety Systems of a project building satisfy applicable prescriptive code requirements, and 2. To evaluate how the Fire and Life Safety Systems perform when challenged by a credible fire scenario. The three‐story, 31,430 sq. ft. project building is the regional office for an oil and gas company operating in Western Canada. The building includes an atrium which extends from the ground level, main floor to the third floor. The Fire and Life Safety Systems within the scope of this study, include: Fire Detection and Alarms Systems (FDAS) Egress Components Water‐Based Fire Protection Systems Structural Fire Protections Systems Prescriptive Analysis Analysis of the FDAS confirmed that the building is equipped with modern Fire Alarm System (FAS), code compliant, UL listed detection devices and notification appliances. The single stage FAS is augmented by a Remote Supervising Station. Notification appliances include audible and visual alarms which have proven effective in building response exercises. The building egress elements were found to be designed and installed in compliance with the Life Safety Code. However, it was found that the building occupants have installed items which have eroded the building life safety features. Corridor width has been reduced to less than that required by the LSC by the installation of shelving and other items. In addition, combustible materials are being stored in the east exit stairway enclosure which may present a hazard to building occupants. The building water supply was found to meet the design demand. The building owner has implemented effective programs for ongoing inspection, testing and maintenance the water‐based fire protection system. Furthermore, processes are in place to track fire protection system impairment and ensure the system is returned to a fully operational status in a timely manner. The occupancy classification of the project building was found to be Group B (Business) which requires Type II‐A construction. It was confirmed that the building meets the International Building Code requirements for Type II‐A construction. Performance Based Analysis The performance of the building Fire and Life Safety Systems when challenged by a design fire was assessed. The objective was to confirm that occupants could exit the building before they are exposed to untenable environmental conditions. Two credible fire scenarios are evaluated; a trash bag fire in the east exit stairway enclosure and a chair fire located in the third floor, open‐office area. The

According to the California Energy Commission (CEC 1998a), California commercial buildings account for 35% of statewide electricity consumption, and 16% of statewide gas consumption. Space conditioning accounts for roughly 16,000 GWh of electricity and 800 million therms of natural gas annually, and the vast majority of this space conditioning energy passes through thermal distribution systems in these buildings. In addition, 8600 GWh per year is consumed by fans and pumps in commercial buildings, most of which is used to move the thermal energy through these systems. Research work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has been ongoing over the past five years to investigate the energy efficiency of these thermal distribution systems, and to explore possibilities for improving that energy efficiency. Based upon that work, annual savings estimates of 1 kWh/ft{sup 2} for light commercial buildings, and 1-2 kWh/ft{sup 2} in large commercial buildings have been developed for the particular aspects of thermal distribution system performance being addressed by this project. Those savings estimates, combined with a distribution of the building stock based upon an extensive stock characterization study (Modera et al. 1999a), and technical penetration estimates, translate into statewide saving potentials of 2000 GWh/year and 75 million thermal/year, as well as an electricity peak reduction potential of 0.7 GW. The overall goal of this research program is to provide new technology and application knowledge that will allow the design, construction, and energy services industries to reduce the energy waste associated with thermal distribution systems in California commercial buildings. The specific goals of the LBNL efforts over the past year were: (1) to advance the state of knowledge about system performance and energy losses in commercial-building thermal distribution systems; (2) to evaluate the potential of reducing thermal losses through duct sealing, duct insulation, and improved equipment sizing; and (3) to develop and evaluate innovative techniques applicable to large buildings for sealing ducts and encapsulating internal duct insulation. In the UCB fan project, the goals were: (1) to develop a protocol for testing, analyzing and diagnosing problems in large commercial building built-up air handling systems, and (2) to develop low-cost measurement techniques to improve short term monitoring practices. To meet our stated goals and objectives, this project: (1) continued to investigate and characterize the performance of thermal distribution systems in commercial buildings; (2) performed energy analyses and evaluation for duct-performance improvements for both small and large commercial buildings; (3) developed aerosol injection technologies for both duct sealing and liner encapsulation in commercial buildings; and (4) designed energy-related diagnostic protocols based on short term measurement and used a benchmarking database to compare subject systems with other measured systems for certain performance metrics. This year's efforts consisted of the following distinct tasks: performing characterization measurements for five light commercial building systems and five large-commercial-building systems; analyzing the potential for including duct performance in California's Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Non-Residential Buildings (Title 24), including performing energy and equipment sizing analyses of air distribution systems using DOE 2.1E for non-residential buildings; conducting laboratory experiments, field experiments, and modeling of new aerosol injection technologies concepts for sealing and coating, including field testing aerosol-based sealing in two large commercial buildings; improving low-cost fan monitoring techniques measurements, and disseminating fan tools by working with energy practitioners directly where possible and publishing the results of this research and the tools developed on a web-site. The final report consists of five sections listed below. Each section includes its related background information, the research methods employed, new measurement techniques developed, the results, and discussion.

At present, multi-story high-rise buildings are becoming one of the most widely used buildings in cities. Now it is very difficult to imagine urban architecture without them. The increase in the urban population in cities is the result of an increase in the level of urbanization. As a result, the price of land increases due to the lack of free land in cities. Thus, the construction of multi-story buildings has become an inevitable solution to this issue, but this, in turn, has led to new problems. Depending on the purpose, composition, and number of technical systems, multi-story buildings are complex engineering and technical objects. On the one hand, the use of engineering and technical systems leads to an increase in the standard of living of people living standards, but they are also the main causes of new problems. For example, high-rise buildings are quite large consumers of electrical energy, both as objects and as subjects of these buildings, and this, in turn, leads to an increase in the likelihood of a fire in them. To prevent such undesirable cases, one has to use fire safety systems, one of the components of building automation. One of the main responsibilities of fire safety systems is to determine the initial stage of ignition and quickly detect its source, only, in this case, it can be eliminated or at least localized. The life and property of people can be protected. The main purpose of this article is to consider the currently unused active aspiration system in multi-story high-rise buildings as an alternative to currently used systems to improve efficiency in terms of fire safety. The article includes the appointment of an active aspiration system, the principle of operation, and the main characteristics, and functions of those designed for early fire detection. In addition, several options and a comparative analysis of an active aspiration system are considered to create a highly efficient fire safety system for high-rise buildings. Keywords: fire protection systems, smoke exhaust systems, fire protection sensors, aspirator alarm systems, automatic building systems.

Hydronic heating and cooling systems are among the most common types of heating and cooling systems installed in older existing buildings, especially commercial buildings. According to the 2012 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) data set, hydronic heating systems in the United States include two main systems: (i) boilers inside the building represented with a boiler system and (ii) district steam and hot water systems represented with district heating, which are connected to seven different types of zone-level equipment. Similarly, there are two main hydronic cooling systems: central chillers inside (or adjacent to) the building and district chilled water piped in from outside the building. Chiller systems are investigated based on three different classes: (1) water-cooled, (2) air-cooled, and (3) absorption chillers. This study presents a deep analysis of the 2012 CBECS microdata to characterize hydronic heating and cooling systems by year of construction, census division, building area, building site hydronic system energy use index (EUI), and the types of mechanical systems. The results show that nearly 65% of commercial buildings built before 1990 utilize hydronic heating systems. Hydronic heating and cooling system design are a function of a building area. District heating systems are considered as the main heating systems in buildings with an area greater than 18,600 m2 (200,000 ft2). In addition, systems with central chillers inside the buildings are responsible for providing cooling for more than 50% of the commercial buildings with areas greater than 9,000 m2 (∼100,000 ft2). Among the types of chiller systems, the chiller systems connected to the central air handling units, fan coil units, and duct reheats are the most common systems for large buildings. The results of this building stock characterization provide useful insights into the characteristics of hydronic heating and cooling systems in US commercial buildings.

The safety of building’s occupants is one of the most important things that should be considered in the design and construction process of a building. The provision of a reliable fire protection system could be the best way to provide a guarantee for fire safety. However, in a high-rise building, the evacuation process could be a problem when the occupants do not really understand about the evacuation procedure. Thus, a good fire safety management system is also needed to ensure that both the fire protection system and the evacuation procedure could run well when the accident happen. Through observation, documents review, and interview with the member of fire protection management as well as the building’s occupants, this paper intends to assess the fire safety management organisation and its role to support the fire safety protection system of the 9th-floor building of Graha Rektorat of the State University of Malang. The assessment conducted will be based on regulation of the Ministry of Public Works no. 29/PRT/2006 on the fire safety protection and evacuation. It was found that the organisation of the fire safety management of the Graha Rektorat building is need to be optimized to meet the requirement of the regulation of the Ministry of Public Works no. 29/PRT/2006 as to serve a better support for the fire safety protection system in that building.

Introduction. Employees’ safety in buildings demands systematic monitoring of both the robustness and stability of buildings, which provide its mechanical safety and fire safety. The most important event in the personnel’s firesafety monitoring system in building and facilities of all functional fire hazard classes are the systematic (not less than once per six months) practical training of the people, which perform their work on hazard location. As a rule, the following is applied: printed information, lections, audio recordings, slides, posters, code grams, video films, TV shows, group discussions, situation modeling, game management. However not a single of those training types gives the possibility for assessing the actual level of knowledge of skills achieved by personnel, all the more so in combination with the prevention measures of automated fire safety systems functioning. Analytical part. In this article we review the case of “involuntary experiment” — small-scale fire in a medical facility, which provided the possibility to assess the achieved level of fire-safety management and offered the range of the measures for its prospective improvement. The number of the problems was solved to achieve the goals, namely: personnel survey of laboratory building, in which the fire outbreak happened; the brief analysis of fire safety system of the medical facility was conducted; the conclusions were made about the safety culture level in the medical facility; the recommendations were given for enhancing the facility’s fire safety system. Conclusion. The analysis of the facility’s operation unit condition showed the personnel’s readiness for action during emergency. However, the late detection of fire and low efficiency of the fire detection systems made the specialists think that it is necessary to use innovative technology in fire alarm systems to reduce the evacuation start time.

Fire can cause material loss and also cause physical disabilities and even fatalities for building users. Fires that occur as a result of human activity must be overcome by increasing human awareness themselves. However, fires caused by natural factors or errors in the electrical system can be overcome by having a fire prevention system or safety system. The aim of the research is to identify the main indicators of fire protection systems in educational buildings in Banda Aceh City. A closed questionnaire and Likert scale survey of respondents using educational buildings was conducted to collect data. Next, the data is processed using the frequency index analysis method and the Relative Importance Index (RII). The results of the frequency index analysis provide an overview of the percentage level of occurrence of the fire protection system variable, namely the acid detector, at 91.294%. Based on the results of the RII analysis, five main indicators were found that influence the safety system, namely light fire extinguishers (0.929), smoke detectors (0.913), water transmitters (0.911), standpipes (0.894), and fire hydrant systems (0.892). Meanwhile, the main variable for the fire protection system is the active protection system with a RII value of 0.889.

Despite the potential for significant energy savings by reducing duct leakage or other thermal losses from duct systems in large commercial buildings, California Title 24 has no provisions to credit energy-efficient duct systems in these buildings. A substantial reason is the lack of readily available simulation tools to demonstrate the energy-saving benefits associated with efficient duct systems in large commercial buildings. The overall goal of the Efficient Distribution Systems (EDS) project within the PIER High Performance Commercial Building Systems Program is to bridge the gaps in current duct thermal performance modeling capabilities, and to expand our understanding of duct thermal performance in California large commercial buildings. As steps toward this goal, our strategy in the EDS project involves two parts: (1) developing a whole-building energy simulation approach for analyzing duct thermal performance in large commercial buildings, and (2) using the tool to identify the energy impacts of duct leakage in California large commercial buildings, in support of future recommendations to address duct performance in the Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards for Nonresidential Buildings. The specific technical objectives for the EDS project were to: (1) Identify a near-term whole-building energy simulation approach that can be used in the impacts analysis task of this project (see Objective 3), with little or no modification. A secondary objective is to recommend how to proceed with long-term development of an improved compliance tool for Title 24 that addresses duct thermal performance. (2) Develop an Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) change proposal to include a new metric for thermal distribution system efficiency in the reporting requirements for the 2005 Title 24 Standards. The metric will facilitate future comparisons of different system types using a common ''yardstick''. (3) Using the selected near-term simulation approach, assess the impacts of duct system improvements in California large commercial buildings, over a range of building vintages and climates. This assessment will provide a solid foundation for future efforts that address the energy efficiency of large commercial duct systems in Title 24. This report describes our work to address Objective 1, which includes a review of past modeling efforts related to duct thermal performance, and recommends near- and long-term modeling approaches for analyzing duct thermal performance in large commercial buildings.

NOTE: The first page of text has been automatically extracted and included below in lieu of an abstract Session 1526 Electronically-Controlled Artificial Sky Dome @ OSU … in Progress Khaled Mansy, Steven O’Hara / Thomas Gedra, Qamar Arsalan School of Architecture / School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 Abstract Indeed, design of daylighting systems is increasingly becoming an integral part of the design of energy-efficient buildings. In order to accurately design, test, and analyze daylighting systems, a controlled luminous environment is required to simulate different sky conditions, under which a physical model can be tested. An artificial sky dome is needed. This paper reports on the ongoing effort to build an Artificial Sky Dome for the School of Architecture at Oklahoma State University. The paper discusses the technical challenges faced by the team in charge of designing the Artificial Sky Dome. Challenges that relate to the structure of the dome, uniform distribution of light sources, avoiding the star effect, effect of internal reflections, models of different sky conditions, control of sky luminance, and the need for a post-construction calibration of the lighting control system. The construction of the Artificial Sky Dome is expected to be completed by the end of summer 2005. This laboratory is funded by the National Science Foundation, Division of Undergraduate Education, (CCLI) Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement-Adaptation and Implementation. This new laboratory will help integrate the engineering of daylighting systems into the school’s curriculum, with the anticipation that this will nurture the scientific background and design skills of undergraduate students. The secondary mission of the laboratory is to disseminate the same knowledge and/or skills between graduate students, faculty, and practicing professionals. The laboratory will also be an effective venue to integrate teaching and research. 1. Design of Daylighting Systems in Buildings Integration between daylighting and electric lighting systems in commercial buildings may result in a significant reduction in the annual energy consumption and operating cost. Indeed, daylight is a free source of energy. Moreover, it is rather a cool source of light that reduces space cooling load. Despite of this fact, the majority of building designers still does not use accurate design tools to design daylighting systems in buildings. Currently, design of daylighting systems relies on the use of rules of thumb, which are not accurate because they only offer general guidance that is not case-specific. The use of inaccurate design tools results in losing the opportunity of saving energy. Currently used daylighting design tools include, but not limited to, simple formulas, daylighting nomographs, and graphical methods. Each of these design-assisting tools “Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Education”

Passive fire protection system is a system that refers to the building design, both regarding of architecture and structure. This system usually consists of structural protection that protects the structure of the building and prevents the spread of fire and facilitate the evacuation process in case of fire. Millennium ICT Center is the largest electronic shopping center in Medan, Indonesia. As a public building that accommodates the crowd, this building needs a fire protection system by the standards. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate passive fire protection system of Millennium ICT Center building. The study was conducted to describe the facts of the building as well as direct observation to the research location. The collected data is then processed using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method in its weighting process to obtain the reliability value of passive fire protection fire system. The results showed that there are some components of passive fire protection system in the building, but some are still unqualified.The first section in your paper

Purpose Fire outbreaks in residential buildings pose a significant threat to life and property in Ghana. While various studies have examined fire safety in public and commercial buildings, limited research has focused on the implementation of fire safety systems in residential buildings. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing empirical data on the predominant causes of residential fires, examining residents’ perceptions of fire safety systems and assessing the state of emergency planning practices in these buildings. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a quantitative research approach where survey questionnaires were administered purposively to residents and stakeholders involved in residential buildings within the city of Kumasi, Ghana. A total of 92 responses were obtained and analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha for reliability, descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. Findings The study identified key factors contributing to residential fire incidents, including improper electrical installations, faulty electrical outlets, overloading of electrical appliances, negligence and non-adherence to safety protocols. Additionally, it highlighted prevailing attitudes of indifference, lack of awareness regarding fire safety measures, and inadequate emergency preparedness among residents. The study also pointed out the importance of fire safety compliance, such as early warning signs of fires, fire suppression equipment and emergency planning. Practical implications The findings from this study create awareness among building residents, property managers, developers and policymakers to formulate practical fire safety strategies for residential buildings. Originality/value This study is unique, as it gauges the efficiency of fire safety systems in residential settings in Ghana, an area of study where only a few studies have been done, unlike in public and commercial buildings.

The energy saving potentials of zone-level membrane-based enthalpy recovery ventilators for VAV systems in commercial buildings

Introduction. The article presents the results of a survey of facility managers in the field of fire safety management. The survey was conducted to assess the capabilities of the manager in the field of managing the fire safety system To do this, a survey was conducted of the heads of organizations (persons responsible for ensuring fire safety) in terms of their organizational activities in the field of ensuring fire safety. The task of the work is to identify the features of the managerial activity of the facility manager (the person responsible for ensuring fire safety) in the field of managing the fire safety system in order to detail the management problems that have developed in this area. Methods. To conduct the survey, the method of individual questioning was used. To process the obtained results, the method of frequency analysis was applied using the SPSS software package. Results. The data obtained made it possible to identify the social portrait of the head of the facility, to assess his level of qualification, both in the field of fire safety and in the field of managing the fire safety system. The features of the organization of activities in the field of management of the fire safety system are revealed. Methods are proposed in terms of forming an extended structure of the control system, built so that at each stage of the life cycle of the building, the facility manager can obtain a quantitative description of the fire safety state of the facility and a set of alternatives if such a state requires intervention. Conclusion. The factors influencing the assessment of the state of the controlled system and the manager's awareness of the level of fire safety are determined. The problems faced by the head of the facility in the management of fire safety in the organization are identified. Fire safety management has been reduced to the level of monitoring the performance of fire protection systems. Methods for solving the existing problem of managing the fire safety system are proposed. Keywords: fire safety, management, survey, fire safety system, head of the object of protection.

With the increasing global focus on energy efficiency and sustainable development, intelligent LED lighting systems, as an efficient and energy-saving lighting solution, are gradually gaining attention. This paper focuses on the application of intelligent LED lighting systems in commercial buildings in the United States, aiming to conduct an in-depth analysis of their energy-saving effects and user experience through empirical research. The study selected commercial buildings in three different regions of the United States, including office buildings, shopping centers, and hotels, as case study objects. Intelligent LED lighting systems developed by Shenzhen Romanso Electronic Co., Ltd. were deployed in these venues. These systems integrate advanced functions such as intelligent sensor networks, adaptive dimming algorithms, and remote monitoring platforms. After six months of field monitoring, detailed energy consumption data were collected, and a user satisfaction survey was conducted to compare the performance differences between intelligent LED lighting systems and traditional lighting systems. The research findings provide strong empirical support for the widespread application of intelligent LED lighting systems in commercial buildings in the United States and offer valuable references for the further optimization and promotion of intelligent lighting technologies in the future. Future research will further explore system performance optimization strategies and strive to promote intelligent LED lighting systems to more commercial building fields to achieve broader energy-saving benefits and user experience improvements.