Abstract
Abstract Visible genetic polymorphisms are very frequent in domesticated animal species. Historically, they were used very early on by breeders to create standardized breeds. If flocks or herds breed at random, polymorphic populations occur (usually variegated, because most of the viable visible alleles that were kept after domestication act on coat colour) in agreement with the laws of population genetics, using the relative value of genotypic fitness coefficients. Such populations became known as primary populations or primary breeds. Numerous descriptions of polymorphic, variegated populations are available, especially for goats and sheep in Africa. Of these, many are probably primary breeds, but records of random mating (panmixia) are scarce. It appears that, after domestication, primary breeds arose, and it was within those that hot spots of standardization appeared later, resulting in standardized breeds.
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