Abstract
Recently, the increasing of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) was revealed among children in Kurdistan - Iraq that passed through several wars and economic sanctions. It has been demonstrated that virus infection induced T1DM by destruction of beta cells through direct invasion or autoimmune reactions. Genetic factors also lead to immune disorders which induce T1DM. Despite the reports on effects of viral infection and autoimmune disturbance in the presence of HLA genes, there are no enough studies to show the relationship between them in Kurdish race. Therefore, Serum glucose, three viral (CMV, Rubella and Coxsackie virus), two genes (HLA DR3 and HLA DR4) and anti- glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) Ab. were studied to evaluate their relationship with T1DM. Study was performed by interviewing 230 samples (122 females and 108 males) of T1DM patients and another 130 non-diabetic individuals as a control group for collecting blood samples and personal and family information related to this study. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) used for detection of anti-viruses antibodies and anti-GAD antibody. While, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - SSP technique were used for detection of HLA-DR3 and DR4. The statistical results revealed that the mean±SD concentration of anti-CMV IgG, rubella, CSV-B antibodies in the sera of patients was (1.22±0.36 IU/ml), (0.80±0.08 IU/ml), (0.81±0.14 IU/ml) respectively when compared with (0.79±0.32 IU/ml), (0.38±0.17 IU/ml), (0.26±0.21 IU/ml) respectively in sera of control group (P-value < 0.05). This means that there is a significant increase in mean concentration of anti-CMV, rubella, CSV-B antibodies in the sera of patients in comparison with control group. The mean of anti-GAD antibody was (89.54±0.43 IU/ml) when compared with (9.73±38 IU/ml) with control group (P-value < 0.05). While, results of the HLA-DR3 and DR4 genes revealed that there are a relationship between these genes and viral infections that induce T1DM and these genes also related with the elevation of anti-GAD Ab in the blood circulation of T1DM patients. This study supports the claims that viruses are responsible for T1DM especially in the presence of HLA-DR3 or/and DR4.
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