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Abstract
High-efficiency antiviral surfaces can be an effective means of fighting viral diseases, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Copper and copper oxides, their nanoparticles (NPs) (CuNPs), and coatings are among the effective antiviral materials having internal and external biocidal effects on viruses. In this work, CuNP colloids were produced via femtosecond laser ablation of the metal target in water, a photophysical, cost-effective green synthesis alternative utilizing sodium citrate surfactant stabilizing the NPs. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the 32 nm mean size CuNPs are mixtures of mainly metallic copper and copper(I) oxide. Polyvinyl butyral was utilized as the binding agent for the CuNPs deposited via high-throughput spray-coating technology. The virucidal efficacy of such coatings containing Cu content ranging from 2.9 to 11.2 atom % was confirmed against animal-origin coronavirus containing ribonucleic acid, the agent of avian infectious bronchitis (IBV), and herpesvirus containing DNA, the agent of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1) infection. It was demonstrated that after a short time of exposure, the Cu NP-based coatings do not have a toxic effect on the cell cultures while demonstrating a negative effect on the biological activity of both model viruses that was confirmed by quantification of the viruses via the determination of tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) virus titer and their viral nucleic acids via determination of threshold cycle (Ct) employing real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The assays showed that the decrease in TCID50 virus titer and increase in Ct values correlated with Cu content in Cu NP-based coatings for both investigated viruses. Contact with coatings decreased IBV and BoHV-1 numbers from 99.42% to 100.00% and from 98.65% to 99.96%, respectively. These findings suggest that CuNPs show inhibitory effects leading to the inactivation of viruses and their nuclei regardless of the presence of a viral envelope.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) close to 700 million people had Covid19 and close to 7 million related deaths were counted at the beginning of the year 2023 [1]
One of the ways to deal with the outbreaks is good hygiene, which can be implemented by the greater use of antiviral surfaces effective against ribonucleic acid (RNA) like viruses such as coronavirus and influenza virus [3]
It was demonstrated that copper target ablation in water with 0.02 mmol sodium citrate employing a femtosecond laser can stabilize the Cu nanoparticles and protect them from rapid ageing
Summary
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) close to 700 million people had Covid and close to 7 million related deaths were counted at the beginning of the year 2023 [1]. The studies showed, that there are significant differences in the biophysical stability factors of these viruses on the surfaces of different materials (plastic, stainless steel, cardboard, copper), and this led the researchers to investigate different hypotheses to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the surfaces of various coatings (including on face masks) for possibly reducing the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential transmission to healthy people. It should be emphasized that many viruses, depending on their external biochemical structure, can be stabilized and protected by surrounding organic matter, such as saliva or mucus droplets. In this case, the presence of substances and external structures such as bacteria biofilms, fats, proteins, or carbohydrates in the contact environment of the virus can and significantly increase their structural stability and resistance [6, 7]
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