Abstract
Background: While several publications have focused on the intuitive role of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in neurosurgical planning, the aim of this review was to explore other avenues, where these technologies have significant utility and applicability. Methods: This review was conducted by searching PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, the Scopus database, the Web of Science Core Collection database, and the SciELO citation index, from 1989–2021. An example of a search strategy used in PubMed Central is: “Virtual reality” [All Fields] AND (“neurosurgical procedures” [MeSH Terms] OR (“neurosurgical” [All Fields] AND “procedures” [All Fields]) OR “neurosurgical procedures” [All Fields] OR “neurosurgery” [All Fields] OR “neurosurgery” [MeSH Terms]). Using this search strategy, we identified 487 (PubMed), 1097 (PubMed Central), and 275 citations (Web of Science Core Collection database). Results: Articles were found and reviewed showing numerous applications of VR/AR in neurosurgery. These applications included their utility as a supplement and augment for neuronavigation in the fields of diagnosis for complex vascular interventions, spine deformity correction, resident training, procedural practice, pain management, and rehabilitation of neurosurgical patients. These technologies have also shown promise in other area of neurosurgery, such as consent taking, training of ancillary personnel, and improving patient comfort during procedures, as well as a tool for training neurosurgeons in other advancements in the field, such as robotic neurosurgery. Conclusions: We present the first review of the immense possibilities of VR in neurosurgery, beyond merely planning for surgical procedures. The importance of VR and AR, especially in “social distancing” in neurosurgery training, for economically disadvantaged sections, for prevention of medicolegal claims and in pain management and rehabilitation, is promising and warrants further research.
Highlights
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have intuitively found utility in neurosurgical planning, considered the increasing availability of papers available on this subject
We identified 487 (PubMed), 1097 (PubMed Central), 275 citations (Web of Science Core Collection database)
We identified the utility of virtual reality (VR) in neurosurgery, beyond planning, in the areas of neurosurgery training [2,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37], neuronavigation [15,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51], robotic neurosurgery [8,52,53,54,55], pain management [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66], rehabilitation [67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76], and consent taking [77,78,79,80], as well as diagnostic tools [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95] (Table 1)
Summary
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have intuitively found utility in neurosurgical planning, considered the increasing availability of papers available on this subject. The utility of VR and AR beyond neurosurgical planning remains unexplored and, opens avenues to expand their applicability. We intend to provide an overview of this vast expanse, beyond mere neurosurgical planning.
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