Villages at the Crossroads: Inka and Spanish Imperialism, Local Negotiation, and Emerging Reducción Landscapes in Early Colonial Jauja, Peru

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse and threatened tropical forests in the world, and the Rio Doce valley seems to represent a limit between biotas from its southern and northern portions. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of Kielmeyera (Calophyllaceae), a woody, typically wind-dispersed genus, with a high endemism rate in the Atlantic Forest. The 351 specimens analysed, representing 21 of 22 species of Kielmeyera from the Atlantic Forest, pointed to a complete dissimilarity between species composition in the southern (Rio de Janeiro state) and northern (Bahia state) portions of the forest. However, the Rio Doce valley in Espírito Santo state, rather than being a limit between these two portions, appear to represent a confluent area. The northern boundary of species from the southern portion is the São Mateus basin, whereas the southern boundary of species from the northern portion is at the Litorânea do Espírito Santo basin. Most specimens of Kielmeyera were collected in areas that currently are not remnants of original vegetation and that are not within any conservation unit, suggesting that an imminent loss of biodiversity is taking place. Studies comprising a broad range of functionally and phylogenetically distinct taxa make individual patterns of distribution obscure and overlook the conservation needs for specific groups. Therefore, our study on the distribution of Kielmeyera in the Atlantic forest highlights the importance of biogeographic analyses of less inclusive taxa of a flora.

The rupture process of the May 12, 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake was very complex. To study the rupture zones generated by this earthquake, four dense temporary seismic arrays across the two surface breaking traces of the main-shock were deployed in July and recorded a great amount of aftershocks. This paper focuses on the data interpretation of two arrays across the central main fault, the northern array line 1 and southern array line 3. The fault zone trapped waves recorded by the two arrays were used to study the structure of the central main fault and the difference between the northern and southern portions. The results show that the widths of the rupture zone are about 170–200 m and 200–230 m for northern and southern portions respectively. And the corresponding dip angles are 80° and 70°. The seismic velocity inside the fracture zone is about one half of the host rock. By comparison, the northern portion of the rupture zone is slightly narrower and steeper than the southern portion. Besides these differences, one more interesting and important difference is the positions of the rupture zone with respect to surface breaking traces. At the northern portion, the rupture zone is centered at the surface breaking trace, while at the southern portion it is not but is shifted to the northwest. This difference reflects the difference of rupture behaviors between two portions of the central main fault. The width of the rupture zone is smaller than that of M8.1 Kunlun earthquake though these two earthquakes have almost the same magnitudes. Multiple ruptures may be one factor to cause the narrower rupture zone.

The Luminárias Nappe was formed in the agglutination of West Gondwana. A high-pressure metamorphic gradient oblique to the geological contacts is recorded in metapelitic rocks from this Nappe. In the northern portion, the metamorphic peak conditions are at high-pressure lower-amphibolite facies at 580 ± 4°C and ca. 0.9 GPa (Chl + Ky + St + Ms + Qtz + Rt); in the central portion, they are at high-pressure amphibolite facies at 600 ± 15°C and 1.1 ± 0.3 GPa (St + Bt + Grt + Ms + Qtz + Rt); and in the southern portion, they reach the eclogite facies at 630 ± 13°C and 1.4 ± 0.6 GPa (St + Ky + Grt + Ms + Qtz + Rt). Clockwise metamorphic P-T-t paths are registered in the studied rocks, with temperature and pressure increase followed by a strong decompression with retrograde phases as chloritoid (northern portion), chlorite and ilmenite (central portion) and biotite, chlorite and ilmenite (southern portion). U-Th-PbT monazite ages range from 632 ± 4 Ma (southern portion) to 600 ± 8 Ma (northern portion included crystals in garnet and staurolite). The metamorphic age, the high-pressure conditions calculated in this paper and the clockwise metamorphic path indicate that the tectonic evolution of the Luminárias Nappe rocks is tightly associated with the subduction and collision processes of the southern Brasília belt. The overprint of the younger Ribeira belt is interpreted to be responsible for rock pile tilting, thus producing the oblique metamorphic gradient.

A Nappe Luminárias corresponde a estrutura alongada de orientação NNE-SSW, situada na porção sul do Orógeno Brasília e de idade neoproterozoica, na borda sul do Cráton do São Francisco. Tal estrutura é composta por metapelitos e quartzitos do Grupo Carrancas. O presente trabalho foca na caracterização metamórfica das suas rochas da, utilizando petrografia, química mineral e termobarometria. A paragênese observada na porção norte é Cld+Chl+Ky+Rt+Qtz+Ms; na porção centro norte é St+Grt+Rt+Qtz+Ms e na porção sul é Grt+Ky+St+Rt+Qtz+Ms. Biotita, clorita e ilmenita retrometamórficas são obervadas no centro-norte e sul. A granada apresenta aumento de almandina e piropo em direção às bordas. As condições obtidas pelo método average PT do THERMOCALC na porção centro-norte são de 591±59 ˚C e 8,3±1,8 kbar para o pico metamórfico e 571±20 ˚C e 10,1±4,8 kbar) para o retrometamorfismo. Na porção sul foi obtido 608±47 ˚C e 11,8±2,8 kbar para o pico metamórfico. Os resultados indicam a presença de gradiente metamórfico com condições variando de fácies xisto-verde na porção norte e centro-norte a fácies anfibolito/eclogito na porção sul.

Three-dimensional structures of internal solitary waves in the northern south China sea revealed by mooring array observations

The data collected from an array of five subsurface moorings, which are deployed along the direction of internal solitary wave (ISW) crests in the northern South China Sea (SCS) from October 2013 to June 2014, are used to investigate the three-dimensional structures of ISWs and their temporal variabilities. The measurements reveal that the ISWs are asymmetric along their crests, with the average amplitude in the southern portion being 70% larger than that in the northern portion. The observed three-dimensionally integrated energy and flux of ISWs are accurately calculated for the first time, reaching 53 TJ and 0.82 GW, respectively, on average. Over the whole observation period, the pattern of ISW crests was dominantly convex, accounting for 76.2% of all observed episodes. However, due to the changes in propagation speeds along the direction of ISW crests caused by either single or combined effects of mesoscale eddies and intruded Kuroshio, the ISW crests could deform into S-shaped and concave patterns, which accounted for 19.6% and 4.2%, respectively. Moreover, during November and December, the positions of the largest amplitude along ISW crests mostly shifted from the southern portion to the northern portion due to the energy refraction caused by mesoscale eddies, leading to the increase/decrease in wave intensity in the northern/southern portion. In early February, the intruded Kuroshio remarkably shifted ISW energy southward, which increased the wave amplitude in the southern portion by as much as 96%. These results clearly demonstrate that the intensities of three-dimensional ISWs could temporally vary out of phase between the northern and southern portions of crests due to the remarkable modulations by intense background processes.

The Eastern margin of the Yokote Basin Fault Zone (EYBFZ) is one of the seismogenic reverse faults that developed in Northeast Japan, generating the 1896 Rikuu Earthquake (M7.2). The EYBFZ is divided into range boundary fault (Kawaguchi Fault) and frontal fault. The major segment of the frontal fault consists of three faults : the Shiraiwa Fault, the Ota Fault, and the Senya Fault, at which coseismic surface ruptures with irregular and highly sinuous traces, gaps and echelon steps occurred during the 1896 Earthquake. In the study area, the irregular coseismic surface ruptures probably originate from differences in fault geometries and sedimentary conditions, which are associated with thrust-front migration in the Quaternary. We discuss the relationships among fault traces, geomorphic displacements, and fault geometries on the Senya Fault and the Kawaguchi Fault, based on data from high-resolution seismic reflection profiling, investigations into tectonic geomorphology and structural geology with the help of the balanced cross-section method.The seismic image obtained shows changes of geomorphic and geologic features around the Senya Hills expressed as differences in faulting geometries along the Senya Fault and the Kawaguchi Fault. In fact, the Senya Hills are situated as an unsymmetrical ordering.The disparity in the timing of thrust-front migration affects the development of fluvial surfaces, which are related to the appearance of the fault scarp on the surface. That is why, in the central portion of the Senya Hills, the Senya Fault is a typical emergent thrust with flat-ramp structures associated with the uplifting and the back-tilting of late Quaternary fluvial terraces. On the other hand, in the northern portion, the Senya Fault is a concealed thrust with step-like geometry and prominent folding and small faults in the hanging wall. The small faults infer the structure of the tectonic scarp and short wavelength deformation on the surface. This means that the Senya Fault at the central portion preceded the northern portion as an emergent fault. Moreover, fault traces show different dips between central and northern portions. The dip of the central portion is lower than that of the northern portion.By restoring the balanced cross-sections and assuming the uniform net-slip rate, the initial thrusting along the boundary faults is retroactive to 2.02.6 Ma at the central portion and 1.8 2.3 Ma at the northern portion. The initiation of thrust front migration from the boundary faults to the frontal faults is ca.1.6 Ma at the central portion and 0.6Ma at the northern portion.

Short-term variability of chlorophyll associated with upwelling events in the Taiwan Strait during the southwest monsoon of 1998

Coastline orientation, aeolian sediment transport and foredune and dunefield dynamics of Moçambique Beach, Southern Brazil

Predicting movement of stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in corn

Characterization of the zooplankton community, size composition, and distribution in relation to hydrography in the Japan/East Sea

Short-term variability of chlorophyll associated with upwelling events in the Taiwan Strait during the southwest monsoon of 1998

The Aguapeí Belt in the SW region of the Amazonian Craton is a NW belt of approximately 600 km long and 50 km width. Its is mainly composed of metasedimentary rocks of the Aguapeí Group. Basement of this group is represented by basic and ultrabasic rocks, and chemical metassediments of the Rio Alegre Terrain (1,50 a 1,49 Ga) and granitic rocks of the Santa Helena Terrain (1,48 a 1,42 Ga). More than 20 gold deposits were identified in this belt, most of them hosted in the Aguapeí Group (1.28 - 0.95 Ga), strongly deformed by the Sunsás-Aguapeí Orogeny (1.1-0.9Ga). Here we present studies for three areas along the belt: the northern portion (São Vicente Mine); the Central portion (Lavrinha region deposits); and the southern portion (Pau-a-Pique deposit). The gold in these three areas is in quartz veins systems and disseminated into the hosted rocks. Highest gold grades are observed in quartz veins with comb, saccharoidal and replacement textures. Native gold occurs associated with pyrite, pyrrotite, chalcopyrite, native silver, arsenopyrite, galena, hematite, magnetite and martite. Microthermometric studies in fluid inclusions ofquartz veins display three inclusion populations distributed in two systems: trifhasic aquo-carbonic - H 2 O+C0 2 +NaCl (type I) and; biphasic aquous and monophasic aqueous - H 2 +NaCI (type II and III), both with low salinity «8 wt% NaCl eq.). Fluids are 2 related with deep hydrothermal system, and the main gold source is attributed to the process affecting ultrabasic and basic rocks and BIFs from the Rio Alegre and Pontes e Lacerda sequences. Petrographic data and geochemistry studies, associeated with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages in sericites from hydrothermal veins of the Pau-a-Pique deposit and from the Lavrinha region, ranges from 908.1 ± 0.9 Ma to 917.8 ± 0.9 Ma for the mineralization processes, indicating a strong fluid circulation at the ending of deformation processes that affected the Aguapeí Group during the Sunsás-Aguapeí Orogeny, that generated the epigenetic gold deposits.

This study investigates the role of air–sea interaction in the 30–60-day boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) over the western North Pacific with daily outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), CFSR, and OAFlux datasets for 1985–2009. The BSISO events are identified with the first principal component of 30–60-day bandpass filtered OLR anomalies. Composite analysis of these events reveals that during the northward migration of BSISO, the convection can interact with underlying sea surface temperature (SST). A near-quadrature phase relationship exists between the convection and SST anomalies. An active (a suppressed) convection tends to induce a cold (warm) underlying SST anomaly by reducing (increasing) downward solar radiation but a warm SST anomaly in its northern (southern) portion by reducing near-surface wind and upward latent and sensible heat fluxes, resulting in a 10-day delayed maximized warm SST anomaly ahead of the active convection. In turn, this warm SST anomaly tends to increase upward surface sensible and latent heat fluxes via amplifying sea–air temperature and humidity differences. This oceanic feedback acts to heat, moisten, and destabilize the low-level atmosphere, favoring the trigger of shallow convection, which can further develop into deep convection. The maximum warm SST anomaly lies in the southern (northern) portion of the convectively suppressed (enhanced) area, which weakens the anomalous descending motion in the southern portion of convectively suppressed area and preconditions the boundary layer to promote convection development in the northern portion of convectively enhanced area. Such a spatial and temporal phase relationship between the convection and SST anomalies suggest that air–sea interaction can play a delayed negative feedback role in the BSISO cycle and provide an alternative mechanism responsible for its northward propagation.

The Setuva Nucleus is located in the eastern part of Parana, south of the Lancinha Shear Zone. It occurs as an elongated sygmoidal shape within metassedimentary sequences of the Capiru Formation. It is represented by promomylonitic to mylonitic rocks, predominating gneissic-migmatitic lithotypes in the southern portion and syenogranitic to monzogranodioritic rocks in the central – northern portions. The U-Pb isotopic pattern in zircons characterizes the formation of gneissic-migmatitic rocks during the Archean (3.200-3.000Ma), and the proto – to mylonitic syenogranitic lithotypes (northern portions) during the Archean (~2.650Ma)) and Paleoproterozoic (~2.100Ma). In general, the analyzed zircons show overgrowths of doubtful Neoproterozoic ages, obtained in the lower intercepts of Concordia Diagram. On the other hand, the zircons of protomylonitic syenogranite rocks (Setuva’s central sector) don’t show any overgrowth features. U-Pb analytical data, when plotted in corcodia diagram, cluster close to the lower intercept, yielding 2.140±8Ma. Such value, related to the paleoproterozoic, is interpreted as the time of zircon crystallization and consequently formation of the syenogranitic rocks. Aditionally, K-Ar and 40 Ar- 39 Ar analyses carried out in biotites of theses rocks indicated Neoproterozoic ages (590Ma). Such values indicate emplacement according to isotherms of temperatures lower than 250°C-300°C during the Neoproterozoic. The geochronological pattern joined with the structural pattern suggests that the emplacement, largely controlled by shearing, at upper crustal levels occurred during the Neoproterozoic. The initial, low-angle tectonics, associated with transcurrent shear systems and later folding, should be responsible for the allochthony of these terrains and consequent emplacement at upper crustal levels. Such isotopic pattern is very similar to the observed for the Atuba Complex gneissicmigmatitic terrains located south of Setuva.