Abstract
It is hardly novel to say that post-Mao rural China has seen considerable economic growth and commercialization; what is less well known, however, is that recent reforms have also, in some villages, been accompanied by worsening mass-elite relations (Tang Jinsu and Wang Jianjun, 1989; Li Xiwen, 1989; Wang Zhenyao, 1991a, 1991b). As newly autonomous farmers become more demanding, rural cadres in many locales are finding it increasingly difficult to govern.' Lacking reliable, institutionalized means to obtain funds and ensure acceptance of their commands, many grassroots leaders all too frequently turn to coercion; in response, angered villagers sometimes rise up and engage in various, often spirited forms of resistance. The result is that violent clashes and rural unrest have grown in recent years such that, in some
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