VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis) ROOTS IN SOIL AFTER ORGANIC MATTER AMENDMENTS USING BIOPORE INFILTRATION HOLES AND PILE TECHNIQUES

Pore characterization and the controls of organic matter and quartz on pore structure: Case study of the Niutitang Formation of northern Guizhou Province, South China

Effect of clay and organic matter type on the ecotoxicity of zinc and cadmium to the potworm Enchytraeus albidus

Application of Pontoscolex corethrurus gives the positive effect to soil properties. Recently, P.corethrurus is directly collected from field which are time consuming and costly. This research aimed to determine the best organic matter and soil texture types as the artificial culture medium in supporting the P.corethrurus growth. This research was conducted in Ecological and Biological Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara. This research was conducted in two phases, with using factorial randomized block design. The first factor was types of soil texture i.e. sandy loam (60% sand; 24% silt; 16% clay), Clay (28% sand; 20% silt; 52% clay), clay loam (36% sand; 28% silt; 36% clay). The second factor was types of organic matter i.e. without organic matter, cow manure, sheep manure, and hevea leaf litter. The result showed that in both phases of experiment the best soil texture types in increasing earthworm biomass and cocoon number of P.corethrurus was sandy loam, following with treatment on texture clay loam, and clay respectively. The best organic matter treatments in increasing earthworm biomass and cocoon number of P.corethrurus in phase 1 was sheep manure, cow manure, Hevea leaf litter, and without organic matter respectively. Application of sheep manure on sandy loam soil and application of sheep manure on clay soil had the same potency in increasing P.corethrurus biomass only in first phase experiment.

Two experiments were undertaken using lambs and cows fed steam-treated oil palm frond (SOPF). In the first experiment, 8 lambs received SOPF supplemented with 4 levels of urea: 0 (U0), 8 (U8), 16 (U16) and 24 g urea/kg SOPF (U24) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. When the lambs were given the above diets, all the measurements for intake and digestibility (dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen) increased in a linear (P < 0.001) manner up to the level of U16, except for intake of nitrogen (N); no further benefits were obtained when more urea was added. Giving 16 g urea per kg could provide sufficient fermentable N for SOPF utilization. Three ruminally cannulated non lactating cross-bred Charolais x Kedah-Kelantan cattle were used in the second experiment to determine the effective degradability of N from cassava foliage (CF), cassava leaves (CL) and soybean meal (SM) suspended in the rumen. The animals were fed with amount of dry matter (DM) that was equivalent to 1.5% of body weight of SOPF supplemented with 16 g of urea per kg. The effective degradability of N from CF, CL and SM was calculated from their residues after incubation in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h. Increasing the rate of outflow of particulate matter (from 2, 5 to 8%/ h) from the rumen, resulted in a greater disappearance of N (P < 0.05) from CF than from CL or SM. Because of its relative faster rate of degradation, CF in addition to the provision of fermentable N may also contribute easily degradable cellulose and hemicellulose to SOPF-based diets. The nylon bag technique appeared to be a powerful tool for screening protein supplements. Key words: Degradability, nitrogen, oil palm frond, ruminant, steam treatment, supplementation.

Changes in soil quality of sugarcane plantation as a result of changes in land management can not be measured directly, but must be demonstrated by measuring the change in the properties of the ecosystem as an indicator. This research aimed to study the effect of the addition of various quality and quantity of organic matter on soil biology (earthworms) and physical quality (aggregate stability, macroporosity and infiltration rate). There were 15 treatment combinations tested. The first factor is the type of organic matter: (1) cattle manure (CM), (2) filter cake (FC), (3) sugarcane trash (ST), (4) a mixture of CM + FC and (5) a mixture of CM + ST. The second factor is the application dose of organic matter, which consists of three levels—5, 10 and 15 Mg/ha. The treatments were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replicates and one control treatment (without organic matter input). The result of this research showed that the highest population density of earthworms was found in the treatment of ST (78 individuals/m 2 ) and a mixture of CM + ST (84 individuals/m 2 ). The type of organic matter with C/N ratio ranged from 15.5 to 34.7 and cellulose content in 33.3%-40.1% gave better growth of earthworm. The effect of increase in earthworm growth on soil physical improvement is more apparent in the treatment of mixture of low quality and high quality organic matter. The increase of earthworm density and biomass enhanced soil macroporosity (from r = 0.683 to r = 0.606) and infiltration rate (from r = 0.669 to r = 0.756). The results of this study suggest a mixture of CM + ST or ST alone as organic matters, which is recommended to improve soil physical and biological quality of sugarcane land, with the dose application ranged from 10 Mg/ha to 15 Mg/ha.

Nutrient-loaded seagrass litter experiences accelerated recalcitrant organic matter decay

Application of plate-tectonic concepts to sedimentary basin development has been important in petroleum geology. Physical aspects have been stressed, but a complete classification must include the amount, type, and distribution of organic matter because this is the material that generates petroleum. Organic matter can be classified into two broad categories: (1) land-derived (terrestrial) organic matter that may include major amounts of lignin and surface coatings which give gas or waxy crudes respectively, and (2) aquatic organic matter which commonly is dominantly of algal origin and generates normal crudes. The relative amounts of these two types of organic matter, and hence the relative amounts of oil and gas, depend on the depositional environment and this can be r lated to plate-tectonic setting. Rifts that form in the early stages of continental breakup receive high percentages of terrestrially derived organic matter initially, but aquatic organic matter becomes quantitatively more significant as the rift widens and marine conditions develop. Thus pull-apart continental margins develop a vertical profile from terrestrial organic matter deep to aquatic organic matter shallow. The deeper continentally derived sedimentary sections of these margins produce waxy crudes, gas, and some condensate reflecting the character of the organic matter. Pull-apart margins and rifts with waxy crudes were within 20° of the equator at the time of rifting. They include the Sirte, Cambay, Reconcavo, Gabon, and Cuanza basins. When rifting occurred farther from the equator, gas-dominated provin es were developed, such as northwest Australia, offshore Newfoundland, Baltimore Canyon, and the central Viking graben. Rivers transport continental sediments and organic matter to continental margins, and the association of transported terrestrial organic matter with clastic sediments makes deltas one of the most gas-prone depositional environments. Organic materials are not distributed uniformly in deltas because terrestrial organic matter has its highest concentration nearshore whereas aquatic material is also produced in large amounts offshore. This separation and distribution lead to gas fields near paleoshorelines and oil farther out. As the delta progrades, terrestrial organic matter is deposited over the previously deposited aquatic organic matter. This profile of organic matter type is exactly the opposite of that developed on passive continental margins and leads to the opposite trend for the distribution of oil and gas with depth. Although organic-matter type exercises initial control over the nature of the hydrocarbons generated, the composition may be changed later by maturation and migration. Maturation is the thermally induced trend from oil to gas and the depth for this conversion will depend on geothermal gradient. Migration distance is also controlled by plate-tectonic setting with distances in excess of 100 km being well documented for structurally simple interior basins. In contrast, migration distances are much shorter when migration pathways are interrupted, for example, by block faulting in rifts and growth faults in deltas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1356------------

Organic matter exhibits significant heterogeneity and complexity, with varying pore structures across different types influenced by multiple interacting factors. This paper introduces a “two categories, six subcategories” classification scheme based on morphological observations using a combination of argon ion polishing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Organic matter is classified into two main categories: depositional organic matter and migrated organic matter, based on whether migration has occurred. Depositional organic matter is further subdivided into three types based on microscopic characteristics: bioclasts, compacted kerogen, and in situ remnants from post-hydrocarbon generation. Migrated organic matter is categorized into three types: organic matter in intragranular pores, organic matter in intergranular pores, and bitumen in microfractures. Bioclasts can be further classified into alginite, zooclasts, acritarchs, and encapsulated organic matter based on maceral type. Zooclasts, acritarchs, encapsulated organic matter, and compacted kerogen—types of depositional organic matter—have few or no pores. This is primarily related to the nature of the hydrocarbon-generating precursor materials, with compacted kerogen being influenced by low thermal maturity and diagenetic compaction. In contrast, pores are more developed in alginite, in situ remnants from post-hydrocarbon generation, and all forms of migrated organic matter, largely due to the expulsion of gaseous hydrocarbons during thermal evolution. The pores in alginite reflect both the original structural properties of the hydrocarbon-generating precursor materials and the thermal evolution process. Depositional organic matter exhibits a stronger oil-generating potential and a higher gas-generating potential, while migrated organic matter primarily possesses a stronger gas-generating capability. Specifically, organic matter enriched in alginite, in situ remnants from post-hydrocarbon generation, as well as migrated organic matter in intragranular pore and intergranular pore, exhibit a higher hydrocarbon-generation potential.

&lt;p&gt;Organic matter has a function to maintain reductive conditions and to chelate toxic elements in acid sulphate soils. The study aimed to assess the dynamics of ferrous iron (Fe2+) in acid sulphate soil and its correlation with soil redox potential (Eh) and plant growth. The experiment was arranged in two factorial randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was two types of organic matter: (1) control (without organic matter), (2) rice straw and (3) rush weed (Eleocharis dulcis). The second factor was time of decomposition of organic matter: I1 = 2 weeks, I2 = 4 weeks, I3 = 8 weeks, and I4 = 12 weeks (farmer practice). The results showed that concentration of ferrous iron in the soil ranged from 782 to 1308 mg kg-1 during the rice growing season. The highest constant rate of iron reduction (k F2+) was observed on application of rice straw and rush weed with decomposition time of 8 weeks with the k Fe2+ value of 0.016 and 0.011 per day, respectively, while the ferrous iron formation without organic matter had the k Fe2+ value of 0.077 per day. The ferric iron (Fe3+) reduction served as a function of soil Eh as indicated by the negative correlation of ferrous iron and Eh (r = -0.856*). Organic matter decreased exchangeable iron due to chelating reaction. Iron concentration in roots was negatively correlated with soil soluble iron (r = -0.62*). Application of rice straw decomposed for 8 weeks increased the height of rice plant up to 105.67 cm. The score of Fe2+ toxicity at 8 weeks after planting ranged from 2 to 3, so rice crop did not show iron toxicity symptoms. &lt;/p&gt;

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the problems arising from mining activities. Acid mine drainage is formed due to the oxidation of sulfide minerals such as pyrite (FeS2) by water and oxygen. Alternative management of AMD in a sustainable and eco-friendly way is constructed wetland. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the type and composition of potential organic matter that can improve AMD quality. The study consisted of three stages: a screening of organic matter, a combination of two organic matters, and a combination of cow manure and empty fruit bunches (EFB) in various compositions. Types of organic matters used are cow, goat, and chicken manure, three types of compost, EFB, sawdust, wood chips, chopped water hyacinth, cocopeat, fresh waste and compost waste cajuputi leaf, waste of citronella distillation, baglog waste, and bagasse. The results showed that several types of organic matter could increase the pH of AMD. The combination of EFB and cow manure with a ratio of 2:1 is the best result because it can increase pH, reduce dissolved heavy metals and sulfates, and availability of raw materials that are abundant in nature, especially in Indonesia.

Maturity studies and source-rock potential in the southern Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada

Study of a portion of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico shows that organic facies deposited on the shelf change noticeably at surfaces that have sequence stratigraphic significance. Shelf sediments below transgressive surfaces contain abundant, well-preserved terrestrial organic matter (phytoclasts) whereas sediments above transgressive surfaces contain sparse and highly degraded phytoclasts and more hydrogen-rich organic matter. Shelf sediments associated with the maximum flooding surface typically contain the least terrestrial organic matter. These results indicate that the type and preservation of organic matter is related to both the rate of terrigenous sediment supply to the shelf and the bottom water oxygen conditions present on t e shelf. Variations in the amount and type of organic matter (organic facies) preserved in shelf sediments are predictable within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Each systems tract has a distinctive depositional style that affects the amount of terrigenous sediment influx to the shelf and, consequently, the type and preservation of organic matter that is deposited on the shelf. Fine-grained marine sediments in transgressive systems tracts possess high total organic carbon and yield relatively high amounts of hydrocarbons during pyrolysis. Petrographically, this organic matter is composed primarily of amorphous nonstructured protistoclasts. Phytoclasts in the transgressive systems tract are highly degraded. In contrast, progradational marine depositional systems of both the lowstand and hig stand systems tracts contain End_Page 221------------------------ less total organic carbon and less pyrolyzable hydrocarbons. Petrographic analysis of organic matter in these rocks reveals abundant macerals of terrestrial origin. Phytoclasts are especially well preserved in the lowstand systems tract. Integration of data from the characterization of organic matter with sedimentologic and regional stratigraphic information provides greater precision in locating surfaces that bound systems tracts within the depositional sequence. An example of this approach is presented for a part of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Organic matter data not only improve systems tract identification in fine-grained, basinward facies but also demonstrate that the predictive capabilities of sequence stratigraphy are applicable to marine petroleum source rocks. These results indicate that optimum source rock potential is found in the transgressive systems tract below the condensed section facies that contains the downlap surface.

Uranium is so intimately associated with carbonaceous matter in marine black shales and some sands tone-type uranium deposits that it is said to be “fixed” by organic matter. But different kinds of organic matter are not of equal importance in the geochemistry of uranium. The nature and origin of organic matter in uranium deposits and its role in the transport and concentration of uranium are different from place to place. The reason why uranium is closely associated with certain types of organic matter (for example, humus or bitumen) is described in this paper from geochemical viewpoint.Many uranium deposits and uranium occurrences have been found both at home and abroad. The distribution and existing forms of uranium in these deposits, and the concentration of uranium and element association in the ore are directly or indirectly related to organic matter. This paper is intended to discuss the types of natural organic matter and the mechanism of uranium transport and enrichment by organic matter, on the basis of author’s research work in conjunction with previous data.

Carbon cycling in anoxic marine sediments is dependent on uncultured microbial communities. Niches of heterotrophic microorganisms are defined by organic matter (OM) type and the different phases in OM degradation. We investigated how OM type defines microbial communities originating from organic-rich, anoxic sediments from the Baltic Sea. We compared changes in the sediment microbial community, after incubation with different stable isotope labeled OM types [i.e., particulate algal organic matter (PAOM), protein, and acetate], by using DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP). Incorporation of 13C and/or 15N label was predominantly detected in members of the phyla Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi, which also formed the majority (>50%) of the original sediment community. While these phylum-level lineages incorporated label from all OM types, phylogenetic analyses revealed a niche separation at the order level. Members of the MSBL9 (Planctomycetes), the Anaerolineales (Chloroflexi), and the class Bathyarchaeota, were identified as initial degraders of carbohydrate-rich OM, while other uncultured orders, like the CCM11a and Phycisphaerales (Planctomycetes), Dehalococcoidia, and JG30-KF-CM66 (Chloroflexi), incorporated label also from protein and acetate. Our study highlights the importance of initial fermentation of complex carbon pools in shaping anoxic sediment microbial communities and reveals niche specialization at the order level for the most important initial degraders in anoxic sediments.

Denitrification is a critical biogeochemical process that results in the conversion of nitrate to volatile products, and thus is a major route of nitrogen loss from terrestrial environments. Riparian buffers are an important management tool that is widely utilized to protect water from non-point source pollution. However, riparian buffers vary in their nitrate removal effectiveness, and thus there is a need for mechanistic studies to explore nitrate dynamics in buffer soils. The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of specific types of soluble organic matter on nitrate loss and nitrous oxide production rates, and to elucidate the relationships between these rates and the abundances of functional genes in a riparian buffer soil. Continuous-flow soil column experiments were performed to investigate the effect of three types of soluble organic matter (citric acid, alginic acid, and Suwannee River dissolved organic carbon) on rates of nitrate loss and nitrous oxide production. We found that nitrate loss rates increased as citric acid concentrations increased; however, rates of nitrate loss were weakly affected or not affected by the addition of the other types of organic matter. In all experiments, rates of nitrous oxide production mirrored nitrate loss rates. In addition, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was utilized to quantify the number of genes known to encode enzymes that catalyze nitrite reduction (i.e., nirS and nirK) in soil that was collected at the conclusion of column experiments. Nitrate loss and nitrous oxide production rates trended with copy numbers of both nir and 16s rDNA genes. The results suggest that low-molecular mass organic species are more effective at promoting nitrogen transformations than large biopolymers or humic substances, and also help to link genetic potential to chemical reactivity.