Abstract
Little is known about the detailed clinical description, pathophysiology, and efficacy of treatments for ocular envenoming (venom ophthalmia) caused by venom of the spitting elapid and other snakes, as well as ocular complications caused by snake venom injection. In this paper, we review clinical information of case reports regarding venom ophthalmia and snake venom injection with associated ocular injuries in Asia, Africa, and the United States. We also review the literature of snake venom such as their compositions, properties, and toxic effects. Based on the available clinical information and animal studies, we further discuss possible mechanisms of venom ophthalmia derived from two different routes (Duvernoy’s gland in the mouth and nuchal gland in the dorsal neck) and the pathophysiology of snake venom injection induced ocular complications, including corneal edema, corneal erosion, cataract, ocular inflammation, retinal hemorrhage, acute angle closure glaucoma, as well as ptosis, diplopia, and photophobia. Finally, we discuss the appropriate first aid and novel strategies for treating venom ophthalmia and snake envenoming.
Highlights
Snakes are carnivorous reptiles, which are cold-blooded animals
Among the land snakes worldwide, spitting cobras (Naja) are the most common species to contribute to venom ophthalmia
Immediate eye irrigation is always the first procedure to remove venom from the eye, followed by topical antibiotics, corticosteroids, and analgesics. Anterior segment complications such as corneal injury, conjunctivitis, Keratitis, and blepharitis are usually diagnosed following venom ophthalmia, and most patients recovered without sequelae within 1–2 weeks
Summary
Snakes are carnivorous reptiles, which are cold-blooded animals. They inhabit every continent. Four which families, including Colubridae, Elapidae, and Snakessnakes are carnivorous are cold-blooded animals. We further discuss two sources of venom snakes comprise four families, including Colubridae, Elapidae, Viperidae, and Atractaspididae [2].spray, In this initiating from the modified salivary gland The salivary gland (Duvernoy’s glands, Figure 2A) or prey-derived toxin storage glands Since hemotoxins are abundant in viperidae, ocular hemorrhage and secondary inflammatory responses are the most common ocular complications by viper snake envenoming. We focus in viperidae, ocular hemorrhage and secondary inflammatory responses are the most common ocular complications by viper snake envenoming. We discuss the current development of therapeutic strategies for treating venom-induced ocular complications
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