Abstract
Nowadays, due to economic and climate concerns, the private transportation sector is shifting for the vehicle electrification. For this new reality, new challenges about operation modes are emerging, demanding a cooperative and dynamic operation with the power grid, guaranteeing a stable integration without omitting the power quality. Besides, new attractive and complementary technologies are offered by the vehicle electrification in the context of smart grids, valid for both on board and off board systems. In this perspective, this book chapter presents a global perspective and deals with challenges for the vehicle electrification, covering the key technologies toward a sustainable future. Among others, the flowing topics are covered: (1) Overview of battery charging systems, including on board and off board systems; (2) State of the art of communication technologies for application in the context of vehicular electrification, smart grids and smart homes; (3) Challenges and opportunities concerning wireless power transfer with bidirectional interface to the electrical grid; (4) Future perspectives about bidirectional power transfer between electric vehicles (vehicle to vehicle operation mode); (5) Unified technologies, allowing to combine functionalities of a bidirectional interface with the electrical grid and motor driver based on a single system; and (6) Smart grids and smart homes scenarios and accessible opportunities about operation modes.
Highlights
Nowadays, the transport sector is responsible by 33% of final energy consumption in the 28 countries of the European Union (EU28), where road transports represent about 82%, contributing to about 27% of the total final energy consumed in EU28 [1]
The sensing layer is mainly responsible for collecting data from the physical world using sensors. These sensors are integrated in electronic devices. These nodes include other hardware components [91] that are essential for the proper operation of the device in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), such as: (i) a communication transceiver, which needs to be compliant with the specific network technology used by the device; (ii) a processing unit, which executes the software for the higher network layers, as well as application-specific code; and (iii) a power source, which may be a battery or an ac power supply, depending on the application requirements
The new reality of shifting the transportation sector targeting the vehicle electrification, mainly with plug-in electric vehicles (EV), is boosted by climate concerns. This new paradigm promotes a set of emergent technologies, such as: power electronics for on-board and off-board battery charging systems; communication technologies; wireless power transfer for charging processes; bidirectional power transfer in vehicle-tovehicle mode; unified technologies combining the battery charging system and the motor driver based on a single system; and operation modes of the EV, both onboard and off-board, in smart homes and smart grids
Summary
The transport sector is responsible by 33% of final energy consumption in the 28 countries of the European Union (EU28), where road transports represent about 82%, contributing to about 27% of the total final energy consumed in EU28 [1]. The vehicle electrification is recognized as vital for a cooperation control between RES and ESS [33, 34], supporting the reduction of energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions and commit for a cooperative power optimization [35–40] This cooperative scenario is pertinent when framed with smart grids and with smart homes [41–44], where the scheduling uncertainties of the EV is an issue that must be considered, targeting to enhance the grid performance [45–48]. In terms of controllability, the same principle is applied by combining the requirements and benefits of the EV user, the battery BMS, the smart grid, and the smart home
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