Vegetation Structure and Potential Key Species for Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) Introduction in Tengkudak Village, Bali, Indonesia

This research aims to determine dominant vegetation and amount of carbon absorption of agroforestry systems.This research held at Pesawaran Indah Village, Padang Cermin Sub Distric, Pesawaran Distic, Lampung Province on April – June 2012. It is used Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) methode, vegetation of INP (“Indeks Nilai Penting”) and than to calculate the carbon absorption by allometrik equation.Agroforestry land lies on fisiography category.There are three fisiography to ease in obtaining the data.There are low land, middle land, up land and forest hamlet.On low land the dominanat vegetation for tree phase is Teak (Tectona grandis), and for pole, sapling and seedling phase is dominant Cacao (Theobroma cacao).On middle land the dominanat vegetation for tree phase is Avocado (Persea americana), the pole, sapling and seedling phase is dominant Cacao (Theobroma cacao).On up land the dominant vegetation for tree phase is Waru (Hibiscus macrophyllus), the pole, sapling and seedling phase is dominant Cacao (Theobroma cacao). On village forest the dominant vegetation for tree phase is Taboos (Crescentia pujeta), pole phase is Champaca (Michelia champaca), sapling phase is Bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) and seedling phase is hevea (Hevea brasiliensis). The results of carbon above absorption on agroforestry lands at Pesawaran Indah Village is 118,96 Mg/ha (low land), 104,16 Mg/ha (Middle land) and 89,01 Mg/ha (up land) and 526,43 Mg/ha (forest hamled). Keywords : agroforestry, carbon, dominant vegetation

BackgroundThis paper is based on ethnobotanical interviews conducted from 1996–2000 in Trinidad and Tobago with thirty male and female respondents.MethodsA non-experimental validation was conducted on the plants used for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus: This is a preliminary step to establish that the plants used are safe or effective, to help direct clinical trials, and to inform Caribbean physicians of the plants' known properties to avoid counter-prescribing.ResultsThe following plants are used to treat diabetes: Antigonon leptopus, Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa, Bixa orellana, Bontia daphnoides, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cocos nucifera, Gomphrena globosa, Laportea aestuans, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Phyllanthus urinaria and Spiranthes acaulis. Apium graviolens is used as a heart tonic and for low blood pressure. Bixa orellana, Bontia daphnoides, Cuscuta americana and Gomphrena globosa are used for jaundice. The following plants are used for hypertension: Aloe vera, Annona muricata, Artocarpus altilis, Bixa orellana, Bidens alba, Bidens pilosa, Bonta daphnoides, Carica papaya, Cecropia peltata, Citrus paradisi, Cola nitida, Crescentia cujete, Gomphrena globosa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Kalanchoe pinnata, Morus alba, Nopalea cochinellifera, Ocimum campechianum, Passiflora quadrangularis, Persea americana and Tamarindus indicus.The plants used for kidney problems are Theobroma cacao, Chamaesyce hirta, Flemingia strobilifera, Peperomia rotundifolia, Petiveria alliacea, Nopalea cochinellifera, Apium graveolens, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Gomphrena globosa, Pityrogramma calomelanos and Vetiveria zizanioides. Plants are also used for gall stones and for cooling.ConclusionChamaesyce hirta, Cissus verticillata, Kalanchoe pinnata, Peperomia spp., Portulaca oleraceae, Scoparia dulcis, and Zea mays have sufficient evidence to support their traditional use for urinary problems, "cooling" and high cholesterol.Eggplant extract as a hypocholesterolemic agent has some support but needs more study. The plants used for hypertension, jaundice and diabetes that may be safe and justify more formal evaluation are Annona squamosa, Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, Bidens alba, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cecropia peltata, Citrus paradisi, Hibsicus sabdariffa, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Persea americana, Phyllanthus urinaria, Tamarindus indicus and Tournefortia hirsutissima. Several of the plants are used for more than one condition and further trials should take this into account.

Diarrhea is one of the digestive disorders characterized by loose, liquid and watery bowel movements (defecation) with a frequency of three times a day accompanied by cramps in the stomach. This disorder is caused by a bacterial infection and an imbalance between the mechanisms of absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes in the intestinal tract and is accompanied by hypermobility. In Indonesia, diarrheal disease is the second cause of death for children under the age of 5 years. Indonesia is a country that has the 2nd highest biodiversity with a diversity of medicinal plants, especially in the treatment of diarrheal diseases. The research method is carried out using a literature review with online media based on the Web, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, ResearchGate, Google Scholar used for publication. The results show that there are medicinal plants used as diarrhea medicine (antidiarrhea) consisting of 14 orders, 16 families, and 19 species, namely Acorus americanus (Far.) Raf., Ageratum conyzoides L., Blumea balsamifera (L).DC., Bischofia javanica Bl., Dioscorea alata L., Allium cepa L., Psidium guajava L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb., Lansium domesticum Correa., Nephelium lappaceum L., Strobilanthes crispus Blume., Solanum nigrum L., Solanum torvum Sw., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Carica papaya L., Curcuma longa L., and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.

This study examined the hypothesis that desiccation sensitivities of recalcitrant and intermediate seeds can be categorized into discrete levels of critical water potential. The equilibrium dehydration method was used to determine the critical water potential (CWP) below which desiccation damage started to occur. The CWP values of Bruguiera cylindrica, Lansium domesticum, Litchi chinensis and Lumitzera racemosa are approximately –4 MPa. The CWP values of Andira inermis, Avicennia alba, Castanea sinensis (from New Zealand), Citrus aurantifolia, Ginkgo biloba, Nephelium lappaceum and Theobroma cacao (immature axis) are approximately –8 MPa. The CWP values of Acer pseudoplatanus, Castanea sinensis (from China), Quercus rubra and Theobroma cacao(mature axis) are approximately –12 MPa. The CWP values of Artocarpus heterophyllus and Hevea brasiliensis are approximately -23 MPa, while the CWP values of Acer platanoides, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya and Coffea arabica are approximately –73 MPa. Together with data available in earlier literature, these CWP values suggest that there are five discrete levels of critical water potential among desiccation-sensitive seed tissues. These data support the hypothesis that discrete levels of desiccation sensitivity occur among recalcitrant and intermediate seeds, and suggest that specific damaging and protective mechanisms exist at certain hydration levels.

An inventory on trees was undertaken in 12 plots of 20 × 20 m at Gunung Serambu, Bau District as part of a multidisciplinary study in 2012. Six plots were established at the upper elevation (≥500 m) of the mountain and another six along the lower elevation from the foothill (≤500 m). A total of 487 trees were enumerated consisting of 112 species from 80 genera and 43 families. Among them are three species of figs namely Ficus schwarzii, F. fistulosa, F. grossulariodes and a legume, Koompassia excelsa, which are categorized as protected in Sarawak based on Sarawak Protection Ordinance 1998. Another eight species (Vatica micrantha, Artocarpus primackii, Knema pallens, Chionanthus pubicalyx, Mangifera pajang, Diospyros piscicarpa, Lithocarpus hallieri and Xanthophyllum ecarinatum) are listed as Borneo endemic. Euphorbiaceae with 13 species and 10 genera was considered the most dominant family. The families that follow in order of decreasing dominance are Moraceae, Clusiaceae, Lauraceae and Anacardiaceae. Based on important value index (IVI), Durio zibethinus represents the most dominant species with IVI = 259.24 followed by Lansium domesticum with IVI = 242.84, while Blumeodendron tokbrai, a distant third, with IVI = 157.23. There were nine species, with IVI less than 5.0. Higher number of individuals and species were recorded at higher elevation than at the lower elevation, as shown by the Shannon index (H’) = 3.69 (≥500 m) and H’ = (400–500 m), respectively. Simpson index (Ds) also recorded the highest value, with Ds = 0.97 at elevation of ≥500 m. The distribution of individuals among species was more or less even in all plots with E > 0.9.

Mosquito Aedes sp. is a species of mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions that are vectors for transmitting the dengue virus to man through the bite; with that, there is a need for existence, effort prevention, and a control-friendly alternative environment using larvicide vegetables that are solution seed fruit papaya (Carica papaya L.) and seeds fruit avocado (Persea americana). The study aims to determine the effectiveness of seed fruit papaya (Carica papaya L.) and seed fruit avocado (Persea americana) on the larval mortality of Aedes sp. Type study This is a post-test-only group design. The population is the third instar larva of Aedes sp. The sample used 1,200 larvae of Aedes sp. on each solution of seed fruit papaya and seed fruit avocado, with variations of 6 doses that are 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. Concentration variation of mosquito larvicide from papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) and avocado seeds (Persea americana), with the highest concentration of 10% resulting in the death of mosquito larvae as high as 72% and 88%, respectively. The effective concentration at Lc50 found is 6% for papaya seed solution (Carica papaya L.) and 4% for avocado seed solution (Persea americana).

This study aims to examine woody species composition, structure, and diversity of Tree-based agroforestry systems in the mid-highlands, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data was collected in each observation plot in the agroforestry patterns. The total number of observation plots was thirty-three. The plot sizes for saplings 5m x 5m, poles 10m x 10m, and trees 20m x 20m. The results found there were 31 plant species composition belonging to 18 families. Plant species at the tree level 73%, herbaceous 10% and shrubs 17%, native endemic species 74%, and introduced 26%. A total of 77% of plant species were planted and 23% of species grew wild. The structures tree level vegetation with the highest importance value index (IVI) was the Tectona grandis species with IVI 144.9, the pole layers were Tectona grandis with IVI 126.7, and the sapling layers were Theobroma cacao with IVI 94.0. While the structures tree level vegetation with the lowest IVI was Artocarpus heterophyllus with IVI 13.4, the pole layers were Mangifera indica with IVI 13.2, and the sapling layers were Syzygium polyanthum and Citrus aurantiifolia with IVI 15.5. The highest species diversity index in the agroforestry of community forest was 1.7. Species richness index (M') and evenness index (E') were evenly distributed all in the agroforestry patterns with moderate criteria. The findings research show that agroforestry systems in the study area are diverse, with the different wood species compositions and structures. Keywords: Agroforestry, composition, community forest, konawe regency, species diversity, structure, southeast Sulawesi, vegetation.

Black pod disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao, L) in Ghana: Spread of Phytophthora megakarya and role of economic plants in the disease epidemiology

<p><strong>Background:</strong> In Colombia, most traditional cocoa crops are developed under agroforestry systems (SAF), associating shrubs and trees that provide shade for cocoa. They generate additional economic income and various ecosystem services. <strong>Objective:</strong> To characterize agroforestry systems with cocoa in three municipalities in eastern Boyacá (Miraflores, Berbeo, and Páez) belonging to the province of Lengupá. <strong>Methodology:</strong> A semi-structured interview was applied in 15 selected farms to learn about socioeconomic aspects, agronomic management of cocoa, and the use and management of trees. The botanical and structural composition and the Simpson (S), Shannon-Weaver (H´), and Jaccard (J) plant diversity indices were determined. <strong>Results:</strong> Cocoa producers in that region develop smallholder production under agroforestry systems with irregular tree species distribution, which are used for wood, firewood, shade, and food. At the regional level, 189 forest individuals accompanying cocoa were found, grouped into 18 families, 17 genera, and 28 species. The municipality of Berbeo presented the highest abundance (73 individuals), followed by Miraflores (67) and finally, Páez (49). In Berbeo, the species with a high importance value index (IVI) were <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> and <em>Cedrela odorata</em> (35 and 33, respectively), in Miraflores <em>Trichant<strong>h</strong>era gigantea </em>and <em>Persea americana</em> (44 and 42) and, in Páez <em>Cedrela odorata</em> (104). <strong>Implications:</strong> The selective felling of forests in SAF with cocoa, which intensifies the production of wood, has favored the loss of diversity; Therefore, the floristic composition studies serve as a basis to identify other potential forest species for the establishment of SAF to promote the diversification of the productive system and contribute to its resilience and sustainability. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The agroforestry systems with cocoa in three municipalities in eastern Boyacá presented a differential composition and diversity, marked by a lower diversity in the municipality of Páez, where the species <em>C. odorata</em> had greater representation, related to the affinity of farmers for timber species of commercial interest.</p>

Many countries face the problem of agroindustrial waste elimination, which is linked to environmental damage caused by improper waste management. These wastes contain bioactive compounds often discarded due to a lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to analyze five types of agroindustrial waste from Peru, including avocado (Persea americana) seeds, lucuma (Pouteria lucuma) seeds, grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace, mango (Mangifera indica) peel, and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pods. This study includes proximal analysis, determination of total phenolic compound content, analysis of phenolic compounds by UHPLC– Q/Orbitrap/ESIMS/MS (Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry), and the evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of different samples. The results showed that lucuma seeds had the highest protein content of 6.59 g/100 g DW. Mango peels showed the highest fat content of 4.89 g/100 g DW, cocoa pods had the highest crude fiber content of 26.91 g/100 g DW, and cocoa pods exhibited the highest ash content of 7.14 g/100 g DW. The highest carbohydrate content was found in avocado seeds at 85.85 g/100 g DW. Mango peels (56.66 mg GAE/g DW), avocado seeds (56.35 mg GAE/g DW), and cocoa pods (51.52 mg GAE/g DW) extracts showed the highest phenolic compound contents. Mango peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activities evaluated by the ABTS (995.01 μmol TEAC/g DW), DPPH (953.54 μmol TEAC/g DW), and FRAP (1661.13 μmol TEAC/g DW) assays. Extracts from cocoa pods, grape pomace, and lucuma seeds showed inhibitory activity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In contrast, the extract of lucuma seeds was the only one that showed antifungal activity over Penicillium digitatum. As a result, several phenolic compounds were detected in each, indicating their potential use in developing functional foods and food preservation, among other applications.

One form of land use around forest areas is a program to develop agroforestry programs.Agroforestry is one of the possible land management systems that can be offered to overcomeproblems arising from land use change and, simultaneously, to overcome food problems. Inaddition, the existence of agroforestry will provide ecological and economic benefits. Thepeople of Tigaras Village, Simalungun Regency, have used the land by planting various types ofplants, both forestry plants, plantation crops, and crops. Based on the identification results,multiple kinds of plants have been developed, including 11 types of agroforestry plants, namelyIngul (Toona sure), Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana), Durian (Duriozibethinus murr), Guava (Psidium guajava), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Pinus (Pinusmerkusii), Coffee (Coffea), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), Rimbang (Solanum torvum sw) andSugar Palm (Arenga pinnata merr.).The highest Important Value Index (I.V.I.) at the tree level was found in Mango tree species at59.74%, while the lowest I.V.I. was in Clove tree species with a value of 5.20%. The I.V.I. at thehighest pole level was found in the Mango tree species at 108.14%, while the lowest I.V.I. wasfound in the coffee plant species with a value of 2.90%. At the same time, the level of speciesdiversity is at a moderate level. Forms and Patterns of Agroforestry in Tigaras Village is asimple agroforestry combining forestry, agricultural, and plantation crops.

A description is provided for Sphaerostilbe repens . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Persea americana, Theobroma cacao, Citrus spp., Coffea spp., Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Hevea brasiliensis, Camellia sinensis . DISEASE: Violet, red or stinking root rot of many woody hosts in the tropics, including avocado pear, cacao, coffee, mango, papaw, rubber and tea. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: W. and Central Africa, S.E. Asia, Central America and W. Indies, and also Bermuda, Colombia, Fiji, Guyana, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua-New Guinea (CMI Map 288, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Soil and water-borne.

Hutan Rimba Alam (HRA), Putrajaya is an urban forest which is the habitat for various tropical rainforest species. A field survey was undertaken to state the floristic composition, investigate the soil characteristics and identify the relationship between the recorded plant communities and soil characteristics. Six plots sized 10 × 10 m square were established in a lowland area of which 93 individual trees were identified. Moreover, the floristic composition revealed vascular tree communities consisting of 10 botanical families, 15 genera, and 27 species with Dipterocarpaceae as being predominant. Based on the important value index (IVI), Mangifera odorata (Anacardiaceae) was the highest (IVI = 68.80%). Furthermore, large trees such as Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. (Fabaceae) and Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. (Meliaceae), with heights ranging from 17 m to 24 m, indicated that HRA is on the way to becoming a mature forest. The soil pH in all plots showed acidic properties, with a mean pH of 4.69 that is considered normal for tropical rainforests. The pH of the soils in HRA, Putrajaya had a positive correlation with the CEC and with nitrogen, but the value was low; however, the correlation was negative with C and P. The CEC had a relatively low correlation with C, N and P. Carbon had a very high correlation with N but low with P. Meanwhile, nitrogen had a very negatively low correlation with P. Extractable phosphorus exhibited a mean of 2.22 mg/kg which is normally used in plants for fruits, roots, and flower development. The present study revealed that plant communities in the urban forest in Putrajaya, meaning the diversity of the plant species belonging to a wide range of families, were established on acid soil, matching with the overall characteristics of tropical forest soils. With regard to the climate change context, which is leading to many altered ecosystems, the authors expect that the outputs of this research will be valued by decision makers for a better management of the forest.

Anggrek adalah tanaman herba dengan bunga yang berbentuk sangat beragam dan tergolong famili Orchidaceae. Berdasarkan tempat tumbuhnya, anggrek dibagi menjadi anggrek epifit dan terrestrial. Umumnya anggrek dapat tumbuh pada dataran rendah sampai pegunungan dengan ketinggian 50-600 m dpl dan tumbuh dengan baik pada ketinggian 700-1100 m dpl anggrek dengan suhu 5-18 °C. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi keragaman spesies anggrek epifit dan pohon inang habitat anggrek epifit. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah hutan Resort PTN Ranu Darungan (Blok Loji dan Ranu Lingga Rekisi) pada bulan Mei-Juli 2023. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu deskriptif eksploratif menggunakan metode cek lapang dengan membuat plot pengamatan dengan ukuran 20m x 20m sebanyak 20 plot yang terdapat pada setiap lokasi penelitian. Data yang diperoleh ditabulasi dan dianalisa secara deskriptif penyebarannya dengan menghitung kerapatan (Di), kerapatan relatif (RDi), frekuensi (Fi), frekuensi relatif (RFi) dan indeks nilai penting (INP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 1455 individu anggrek epifit dari 52 spesies, 21 genus anggrek epifit dan 151 pohon inang yang terbagi dalam 19 famili. Beberapa genus anggrek epifit yang tidak teridentifikasi sampai tingkatan spesies yaitu : Podochilus sp., Phreatia sp., dan Thelasis sp. Populasi yang mempunyai penyebaran paling luas yaitu spesies Eria monostachya Lindl. dengan INP 38.808%. Pohon inang yang dijumpai yaitu: Pasang (Lithocarpus elegans Bl.), Jaranan (Lannea coromandelica Houtt. & Merr.), Rampelas (Ficus ampelas Burm.f.), Danglu (Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex Bl.), Suren (Garuga floribunda Decne.), Sembung (Blumea balsamifera L.) dan Gintungan (Bischofia javanica). Keanekaragaman anggrek epifit termasuk dalam kategori sedang karena memiliki nilai total 1.349. ABSTRACTOrchids are herbaceous plants with very diverse flowers and belong to the Orchidaceae family. Based on where they grow, orchids are divided into epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. Generally, orchids can grow in the lowlands to mountains at an altitude of 50-600 m above sea level and grow well at an altitude of 700-1100 m above sea level with temperatures of 5-18 °C. This research aims to identify the diversity of epiphytic orchid species and the host trees in epiphytic orchid habitat. The research was conducted in the forest area of the PTN Ranu Darungan Resort (Blok Loji and Ranu Lingga Rekisi) in May-July 2023. The method used was exploratory descriptive using the field check method by making observation plots measuring 20m x 20m with 20 plots in each research sites. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed descriptively for distribution by calculating density (Di), relative density (RDi), frequency (Fi), relative frequency (RFi) and important value index (INP). The research results showed that 1455 individual epiphytic orchids were found from 52 species, 21 genera of epiphytic orchids and 151 host trees divided into 19 families. Several genera of epiphytic orchids that have not been identified to species level are: Podochilus sp., Phreatia sp., and Thelasis sp. The population with the widest distribution is the species Eria monostachya Lindl. with an INP of 38,808%. The host trees found were: Pasang (Lithocarpus elegans Bl.), Jaranan (Lannea coromandelica Houtt. & Merr.), Rampelas (Ficus amelas Burm.f.), Danglu (Engelhardtia spicata Lechen ex Bl.), Suren (Garuga floribunda Decne.), Sembung (Blumea balsamifera L.) and Gintungan (Bischofia javanica). The diversity of epiphytic orchids is included in the medium category because it has a total value of 1,349.

Forests provide protection, food, and habitats for wild animals such as monkeys, birds, bats, squirrels, and weasels that depend on the fruits and seeds from the trees. Due to human’s activities, the functions of the forest in Bacan Island have decreased significantly in terms of numbers, kinds, and important value index. Local people have conversed forests into agricultural lands. As a result, the existence of natural resources especially trees, which supply nutrients for wild animals such as monkeys, birds, bats, squirrels and weasels, is being threatened. The current study aimed to investigate the composition and important value index of every type of plants used for wildlife feed. An inventory method was employed in plots of 20 m × 20 m for tree-level observation. This method would be useful to obtain the list of plant composition for wildlife feed and to determine some vegetation parameters including the density, domination, frequency, and important value index of the plants. This research showed that Duobanga moluccana, Drancontomelon dao, Bacacaurea anguilata Merr, Theobroma cacao, Mangifera indica, Canarium casferum, Myristica fatua and Myristica sperciosa are the composition of plants that could supply nutrients for the wild animals. The highest important value index (IVI) (52.78%) was observed in Drancontomelon dao. Medium IVI which ranged from (31.47-44.42%) was reported by Duobanga moluccana, Bacacaurea anguilata Merr, Theobroma cacao, Canarium casferum, Myristica fatua and Myristica sperciosa. Meanwhile, the lowest IVI (29.52%) was found in Mangifera indica.