Abstract
Simple SummaryMany owners of companion animals are interested in vegetarian diets for their animals, as concerns increase about the consequences of animal farming, for health, animal welfare, and the environment. However, are vegetarian diets for cats and dogs nutritionally balanced and healthy? This article comprehensively reviews the evidence published to date from four studies that have examined the nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diets for cats and dogs. To obtain additional information, we surveyed 12 pet food companies detailed in the most recent study. We also examined the nutritional soundness of meat-based companion-animal diets, and reviewed the evidence concerning the health status of vegetarian, carnivorous and omnivorous companion animals. Both cats and dogs may thrive on vegetarian diets, but these must be nutritionally complete and reasonably balanced. Owners should also regularly monitor urinary acidity, and should correct urinary alkalinisation through appropriate dietary additives, if necessary.Companion animal owners are increasingly concerned about the links between degenerative health conditions, farm animal welfare problems, environmental degradation, fertilizers and herbicides, climate change, and causative factors; such as animal farming and the consumption of animal products. Accordingly, many owners are increasingly interested in vegetarian diets for themselves and their companion animals. However, are vegetarian canine and feline diets nutritious and safe? Four studies assessing the nutritional soundness of these diets were reviewed, and manufacturer responses to the most recent studies are provided. Additional reviewed studies examined the nutritional soundness of commercial meat-based diets and the health status of cats and dogs maintained on vegetarian and meat-based diets. Problems with all of these dietary choices have been documented, including nutritional inadequacies and health problems. However, a significant and growing body of population studies and case reports have indicated that cats and dogs maintained on vegetarian diets may be healthy—including those exercising at the highest levels—and, indeed, may experience a range of health benefits. Such diets must be nutritionally complete and reasonably balanced, however, and owners should regularly monitor urinary acidity and should correct urinary alkalinisation through appropriate dietary additives, if necessary.
Highlights
Simple Summary: Many owners of companion animals are interested in vegetarian diets for their animals, as concerns increase about the consequences of animal farming, for health, animal welfare, and the environment
Verma noted some concerns for owners preferring vegan diets: “None of the three current veterinary diets are completely free of animal-derived nutrients”
Over 80% of dogs maintained on vegan or vegetarian diets for 50% to 100% of their lifetimes were were reported as being in good to excellent health (Figure 1)
Summary
Contemporary concerns; such as climate change, environmental degradation, public health, and animal welfare, are affecting and changing societal attitudes and activities. Driven by increasing concerns about health, the welfare of agricultural animals, and the environment, pet owners are increasingly interested in diets and lifestyles less consumptive of animal products [9]. Eighteen percent had to change their pet’s diet to a purely plant-based one, due to acceptance problems with ordinary feed [13] This concurs with a study of the health status of 34 cats maintained on vegetarian diets, and 52 maintained on conventional diets, for at least one year, by Wakefield and colleagues (see the following) [14]. Similar results were found during a study of vegetarian dogs (86) and cats (8) in Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium [15] Such concerns have recently been voiced within the pet food industry [16], with some companies seeking alternative sources of protein, including fish, non-livestock terrestrial animals, and vegetables [17]. How much of a concern is this for domesticated animal companions? for those pet owners that choose to feed vegetarian diets, how might they seek to maximise the health of their animal companions? All of these topics are explored in the following
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