Various Semantic Relationships between the Core and the Adjunct in the Arabic Sentence

The current study investigates the grammatical, rhetorical, and semantic relationship between the introduction of Surat As-Saffat and the textual structures forming the Surah. It assumes that the introduction verses are richly loaded with lexical and grammatical meanings. The title of the study, “Grammatical and Semantic Relationship between the Introduction of Surat As-Saffat and Its Textual Structures: A study in Light of the textual science,” seeks to answer the main question: (1) What are the grammatical and semantic relationship between the introduction verses of this Surah and its subsequent textual structures? This inquiry is further divided into key questions, such as: How are grammatical relationships manifested? (2) How are semantic cohesive relationships established? To answer these questions, the researcher adopted the textual methodology, which offers a theoretical framework for understanding the text as a cohesive grammatical and semantic unit, with an approach encompassing both theoretical and applied dimensions. The study reached several results, the most important of which were horizontal and vertical relationships, including repetition of grammatical style, news styles, and construction styles, in addition to frequent repetition of emphasis, forming a horizontal grammatical relationship noted by the researcher. As for semantic world and sentence structure, the text forms an interconnected semantic world through generative sentences rich in grammatical transformation; key transformational elements include the imperative, the interrogative, and emphasis, linking deep generative sentences with superficial transformational sentences.

Building a sentence into Arabic is rather difficult for amateur translators. Similarly,is the case for Malay students who particularly learn how to build sentences in writing. Usage of dictionaries also is not enough to convey the translation, especially in translating phrases and sentences from the Malay language into Arabic. Students are incapable of building sentences in Arabic because of lack of exposure to the structure of Arabic sentences. This weakness is discovered by most schools and universities in their writing exercises (Rosni, 2012), Ab. Halim Mohamad (2009), Che Radiah (2009). Generally, the dictionary is very suitable to be used in the search for meaning in the words but not the meaning of the sentence. This paper proposes a method of comparing comparable text of both languages through comparable corpora of both. It can also be called as a tool for translators. In addition to using the dictionary, students are guided to understand the structure of the original Arabic sentences with the comparative method, then apply it in the form of a writing exercise. In this process, teachers, students and amateur translators need to use the computer as a tool and open access data corpus in websites as the ingredient. Translated texts or guide texts for writing exercises are based on Aker and colleagues (2012) method of selection. Text is filtered using Webcorp open corpus engine http://www.webcorp.org.uk/live/ and also through Google open database https://www.google.com. Through this method, the search for similarities between the first and the second language can be exploited. Any text that is identified as having the closest comparable will be used in the classroom. It helps students and translators to build sentences into Arabic by comparison and evaluation of the original text in the corpus. At the same time students are also able to understand and recognize indirectly the structure of the original Arabic sentences. Hopefully this method will help amateur translators and students improve their quality of translation and writing in Arabic.

In this paper, we present a NooJ parser of simple Arabic verbal sentence. This parser is based on dependency grammar established by the attribution ( Open image in new window , al-’isnād) concept in the Arabic language. In the first part of this paper, we present a syntactic and semantic classification of Arabic words allowing Arabic sentence parsing. In the second part, we present the shared structure by simple Arabic sentences. Furthermore, we use this structure to implement simple Arabic verbal sentence grammar using NooJ platform. Our parser is applied to the input sentence after two required steps: Morphological analysis and morphological disambiguation. The proposed parser generates possible parse tree(s) of the input sentence, and annotates all sentence components by their grammatical functions. The implemented parser is tested on a selected text; experimental results show its efficacy.

Language is a means of communication that humans use to communicate with each other both orally and through text. A translation process is needed so that the listener or reader can understand the intent of the speaker or writer. This research aims to explain the use of reduction techniques in translating Arabic imperative sentences and Arabic nominal sentences into Indonesian by analyzing in terms of I’rab, syntax function and syntax category, as well as the pattern used in translation. This research can add insight to the reader and person who wants to be a translator (Arabic language into the Indonesian language) by giving a detailed explanation regarding reduction techniques and their use in imperative and nominal sentences. The method used, namely qualitative descriptive with a case study from some Arabic sentences that changed the form of reduced syntax functions when translated into the Indonesian language. Through this research, it is known that the reduction technique for solving the Arabic language into the Indonesian language needs to use because of the existence of the second person pronoun (the person being spoken/dhamir mukhatab) no need to mention in Indonesian imperative sentences. The same goes for nominal sentences; reduction technique is used based on the assumption that a syntactic function in Arabic as the source language is not always required in Indonesian as the receiving language.

Problem statement: Grammatical Relation (GR) can be defined as a linguistic relation established by grammar, where linguistic relation is an association among the linguistic forms or constituents. Fundamentally the GR determines grammatical behaviors such as: placement of a word in a clause, verb agreement and the passivity behavior. The GR of Arabic language is a necessary prerequisite for many natural language processing applications, such as machine translation and information retrieval. This study focuses on the GR related problems of Arabic language and addresses the issue with optimum solution. Approach: We had proposed a rule based production method to recognize Grammatical Relations (GRs), as the rule-based approach had been successfully used in developing many natural language processing systems. In order to eradicate the problems of sentence structure recognition, the proposed technique enhances the basic representations of Arabic language such as: Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Preposition Phrase (PP) and Adjective Phrase (AP). We had implemented and evaluated the Rule-Based approach that handles chunking and GRs of Arabic sentences. Results: The system was manually tested on 80 Arabic sentences, with the length of each sentence ranging from 3-20 words. The results had yielded the F-score of 83.60%. This outcome proves the viability of this approach for Arabic sentences of GRs extraction. Conclusion: The main achievement of this study is development of Arabic grammatical relation extractions based ob rule-based approaches.

This paper describes the differences between Arabic and Persian sentence structure to help beginner Persian learners, especially those with Arabic language knowledge. This is a library research using linguistic approach and contrastive analysis to compare both sentence structre to predict difficulties that might appear in learning Persian. The differences of both languages, i.e. : 1) there ara two formulas of Arabic sentence structure: a) subject + predicate, and b) predicate + subject or predicate + subject + object. While in Persian the formula is subject + predicate or subject + object + predicate; 2) negative sentences of both languages use negative particle, but Arabic has various ones and most of them change the i’rab; 3) Arabic passive sentences follows the wazn فعل (past) and يفعل (present), while in Persian uses ending of شدن after the past verbs; 4) Arabic imperatives are formed by adding hamzah wasal replacing the huruf mudara’ah, while in Persian by adding بــ before the root of present verbs; 5) fi’l nahyi in Arabic are formed by adding lam an-nahiyah before majzum present verbs, while in Persian by adding نــ before root of present verbs.

Understanding sorrof is very important, because sorrof is one of the most important sciences in the Arabic language. shorrof discusses how to build sentences from one origin to another form that varies according to the speaker's intentions. Shorrof cannot be separated from the Arabic language, shorrof plays a role in selecting sentences or words in Arabic sentence structure, especially those related to word formation. Likewise, in creating the structure of Arabic sentences so that there are no mistakes and the wording is correct, beautiful and easy to understand, as is the case in the verses of Imam Abu Siri's qosidah burdah. This qasidah still exists today, the qasidah burdah is a literary work that has a special place in Indonesia so that the qasidah is famous and is still read today, this cannot be separated from the beauty of the sentences and the choice of words. So it becomes interesting to research the use of words, especially from the perspective of shorrof science on words that contain i'lal with disposal, making it easier for readers to know the origin of these words and how the i'lal process occurs. The research method used by researchers regarding the analysis of i'lal with the removal of several verses of the burdah kosidah is a qualitative approach with a literature review that examines and analyzes the verses of the burdah qasidah from Imam Abu Siri, data collection techniques with documentation on the words that have been experienced. i'lal bil hazfi. As for the results of the research, there are seventeen sentences that experience the process of disposal or i'lal bilhazfi, including stanzas 3, 5, 6, 18, 19,25, 135, 138,139. The cause of i'lal bil hazfi is due to the meeting of two breadfruit and because of the difficulty of pronouncing the teeut sentence if it is not di'ilal with the removal of the letters, whether the letter is the ashli letter or the zaid letter

Filatova Elena Vladimirovna – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Docent, Acting Head of the Department of English for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Donetsk National University. The article develops the idea of L. V. Scherba that in the organization of connected speech, along with grammatical relationship it can be used as an independent means of organizing situational-semantic compatibility of the source speech units in the form of “addition”. Highlighting the question of the relation of initial components in the generation and perception of speech involves figuring out what units are reciprocal. In this regard, it is clearly and consistently demarcated the spheres of language and speech as a nationwide arsenal of linguistic means, and individually creative sphere of their usage in speech activities. Attention is paid to minimal speech structures – syntagma, as well as different types of semantic relationships in the structure of syntagma and between their linear increase in the process of speech production: semantic, the addition of meaning, mediated by semantic and associative relationships. On the basis of the postulate about the purpose of the speech to be a means of communication and understanding it is affirmed the idea that semantic relations in reciprocal units and between them can be considered as the main unifying tool of coherent speech. Key words : syntagma, innersyntagmatic connection, intersyntagmatic connection, semantic relationship, mediated semantic relationship, associative semantic relationship .

The analysis of the internal structure of the Arabic legislative sentence is of immediate relevance to several interrelated disciplines including discourse analysis, contrastive linguistics and translation pedagogy. Nonetheless, little, if any, systematic corpus-based research has been conducted to verify the largely impressionistic and intuitive claims made about the syntax of this sentence type. This paper provides a statistical analysis of the syntax of this sentence type in three legislative texts: the Iraqi Companies Law, the Emirati Labor Law and the Jordanian Penal Code. The results show that passivization is a common feature, that the number of words in the Arabic sentence is less than half of its counterpart in English, that complex sentences are more frequent than other types of sentences and that case descriptions are less frequent than syntactic discontinuities. The research findings are significant to both translators and translator trainers as they identify the most salient features of Arabic legislative text and place such features at the disposal of these practitioners for the purposes of teaching and learning. However, despite the revealing conclusions, more research needs to be carried out on larger corpora not only in this sub-genre but also in other areas of legal Arabic..

Lexeme ḥattā, as a member of several closed parts-of-speech classes in Arabic, received due attention in Arabic grammatical description throughout the time span from the era of classical Arabic until the present day. The content of the grammatical description of this lexeme, however, is in stark contrast to the attention it has received in the literature. Thus, the description of the meaning and usage of the preposition ḥattā, from which other functions of this polyfunctional lexeme have developed, is largely harmonized, while the analysis of its other functions, plagued by inconsistencies and contradictory statements, remains far from being comprehensive and systematic. The syntactic functions of lexeme ḥattā are the rein mentioned only rarely and sporadically, lacking a systematic analysis. The refore, the main goal of this paper is the analysis of various syntactic functions that lexeme ḥattā can take in the Arabic sentence. The analysis is based on the analytical-descriptive method and the typological-functional approach. Its results show that lexeme ḥattā covers a wide spectrum of syntactic functions in Modern Standard Arabic, ranging from preposition with dimensional (time and space) and non-dimensional meanings, via adverb used for emphasis before phrases and sentences, and subordinating conjunction introducing adverbial clauses of time, purpose and result, to correlative particle used in time clauses with the meaning of immediate succession. In addition to providing a systematic description of the various functions of lexeme ḥattā, the analysis presented in the paper also con tributes to expanding of the description of its individual functions, as well as de monstrates the important role that lexeme ḥattā plays in enriching the inventory of means of stylistic choice in Arabic.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the ability of EFL Saudi students of Department of English Language and Literature at Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University to use deictic expressions in their writing from a semantic perspective. To achieve this aim, the sample of the study was all level five male students majoring in English and studying the semantics course 363 at the English Department of Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University in summer 2014. The sample consisted of 18 B.A students. All of them belonged to the same homogeneous group since they all belonged to the same level (level 5). To collect the data, the students were assigned a writing test for this study at the very last session of the course. The students were asked to write a topic of 150 words about a place they know, and a person who attends this place. They were inquired to use as much as they can of deictic expressions they have studied in their semantics course. Data were analyzed by using mean scores, standard deviation, t-test and covariance. The findings data analysis revealed that EFL Saudi students were capable to use the target deictic expressions more in syntactic functions than in semantic functions. The results also indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the subjects' representation of the deictic expressions in the syntactic functions and the semantic functions.

This study aims to analyze i‘rab in Arabic syntax from two main perspectives: classical nahwu theory and modern linguistic approaches, as well as to evaluate the application of i‘rab in the construction of Arabic sentences. I‘rab refers to the inflection of a word’s ending, which indicates its syntactic function in a sentence, playing a crucial role in determining the meaning and structure of the sentence in Arabic. In the context of classical nahwu theory, as found in works such as Al-Kitab by Sibawaih and Al-Mufassal by Al-Zamakhsyari, i‘rab functions as a grammatical marker that helps to understand the relationships between the elements of a sentence, such as the subject, object, and complement. In contrast, modern linguistic approaches view i‘rab as one component in a more complex sentence structure, focusing on overall syntactic and semantic analysis. The research methodology employed is qualitative-descriptive with a content analysis approach, where data is collected from library studies covering primary literature in the fields of classical nahwu and modern linguistics. This study analyzes and compares the application of classical nahwu theory with modern linguistic approaches to i‘rab and its impact on understanding sentence structure in Arabic. The results show that although classical nahwu theory and modern linguistic approaches differ in their application of i‘rab, they complement each other in providing a more comprehensive understanding of Arabic sentence syntax. A proper understanding of i‘rab is essential not only in teaching Arabic but also in translating and interpreting Arabic texts, both in academic and practical contexts. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Arabic language teaching and serve as a reference for Arabic scholars interested in syntactic studies and its applications in Arabic sentence analysis.

Differential contributions of the inferior parietal and inferior frontal regions to the processing of grammatical and semantic relationships in wh-questions

Purpose – Syntax-based text classification (TC) mechanisms have been overtly replaced by semantic-based systems in recent years. Semantic-based TC systems are particularly useful in those scenarios where similarity among documents is computed considering semantic relationships among their terms. Kernel functions have received major attention because of the unprecedented popularity of SVMs in the field of TC. Most of the kernel functions exploit syntactic structures of the text, but quite a few also use a priori semantic information for knowledge extraction. The purpose of this paper is to investigate semantic kernel functions in the context of TC. Design/methodology/approach – This work presents performance and accuracy analysis of seven semantic kernel functions (Semantic Smoothing Kernel, Latent Semantic Kernel, Semantic WordNet-based Kernel, Semantic Smoothing Kernel having Implicit Superconcept Expansions, Compactness-based Disambiguation Kernel Function, Omiotis-based S-VSM semantic kernel function and Top-k S-VSM semantic kernel) being implemented with SVM as kernel method. All seven semantic kernels are implemented in SVM-Light tool. Findings – Performance and accuracy parameters of seven semantic kernel functions have been evaluated and compared. The experimental results show that Top-k S-VSM semantic kernel has the highest performance and accuracy among all the evaluated kernel functions which make it a preferred building block for kernel methods for TC and retrieval. Research limitations/implications – A combination of semantic kernel function with syntactic kernel function needs to be investigated as there is a scope of further improvement in terms of accuracy and performance in all the seven semantic kernel functions. Practical implications – This research provides an insight into TC using a priori semantic knowledge. Three commonly used data sets are being exploited. It will be quite interesting to explore these kernel functions on live web data which may test their actual utility in real business scenarios. Originality/value – Comparison of performance and accuracy parameters is the novel point of this research paper. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this type of comparison has not been done previously.

The study takes a critical look at the status of syntactic functions within a multi-level view of grammatical relations. Re-examining the widespread approach to the traditional notion of ‘syntactic function’ that treats it as fitting into a system of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic functions, the syntactic functions are seen to be cognitively invisible vis-à-vis the other two, and this is assumed to be more than an irrelevant accident. After a brief review of theoretical treatments of syntactic functions within functionalism, the conclusion is reached that, contrary to what is commonly assumed, e.g. in FG or SFG, unlike functions on the other two levels, syntactic functions per se contribute nothing to sentence meaning, and thus should no longer be considered functions. Instead, this study treats them as syntactic figures, i.e. instrumental, multi-purpose, formal devices whose job it is to give optimal expression to functional content which may be of just two types: either semantic or pragmatic.