Abstract
This review covers various methods to remove, treat, and detect emerging contaminants (ECs) in water and wastewater. ECs have drawn the attention of many countries due to their potential threat to human health as well as the environment. They are found in many human everyday products that are continuously released into the environment and will accumulate over time. In order to remove ECs, a number of methods have been developed, which include adsorption, membrane technology, biological treatment, and advanced oxidation process. In addition, advances in detection techniques and instrumentation are now able to detect ECs in which they occur at low concentrations. All the removal, treatment, and detection methods will be covered in this review. The removal, treatment, and detection of ECs and their transformation products in water and wastewater are challenging tasks due to their complexity in water samples. Therefore, such information should be emphasized in order to improve the current methods and develop new advanced methods.
Highlights
In recent years, emerging contaminants (ECs) have been of great concern to environmentalists and governmental agencies due to their potential threat to human health as well as the environment
The authors suggested that the increase in adsorption capacity of the dye was due to the chemical interaction of the functional groups on the surface of the adsorbent according to the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results obtained
EC compounds occur in trace concentrations of waters, their adverse effects to aquatic organisms, animals, and humans cannot be underestimated due to their continuous release into the water systems
Summary
In recent years, emerging contaminants (ECs) have been of great concern to environmentalists and governmental agencies due to their potential threat to human health as well as the environment. These substances that are entering the environment inevitably are sourced from daily use and from the field of healthcare, industry, transport, agriculture, and so on [10] Most of these emerging contaminants are released into the environmental waters mainly due to their incomplete removal in the sewage effluent via the WWTP. Pesticides are a class of compounds that may produce a wide range of potentially hazardous toxic side effects to the environment despite their benefits Their extensive past or present use contributes to their prevalence as environmental contaminants in groundwater and surface water [35]. They are in low concentrations, the elimination of these trace contaminants from entering the water resources is required
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