Variations on the Physiochemical, Microbiological and Selected Heavy Metals of Different Palm Oil Samples Sourced From Galadima, Tarauni, Sabon-Gari, Yan-Kura of Kano State and Samples from Kogi and Edo States of Nigeria

Abstract

This study involves the physiochemical, microbiological and selected heavy metals variations of palm oil samples sourced from galadima, tarauni, yan-kura markets of kano state and samples from Kogi and Edo States of Nigeria. The samples were evaluated using standard documented procedures. The result showed; samples from Edo had: oil acid value 0.73 ± 0.13, iodine value 29.25 ± 0.09, peroxides value 2.68 ± 0.09, saponification value 194.31 ± 2.21, moisture content 1.13 ± 0.56, ester value 195.04 ± 2.08. The samples from Kogi had; acid value 0.88 ± 0.11, iodine value 11.54 ± 0.24, peroxides value 5.79 ± 0.62, saponification value 187.49 ± 0.56, moisture content 1.60 ± 0.10, ester value 186.61 ± 0.45. The sabon-gari samples had; oil acid value 0.86 ± 0.17, iodine value 30.37 ± 0.34, peroxides value 3.25 ± 0.95, saponification value 188.66 ± 1.88, moisture content 1.19 ± 0.59, ester value 187.8 ± 1.71. Galadima samples had: acid value 0.89 ± 0.14, iodine value 29.31 ± 0.47, peroxides value 6.8 ± 0.16, saponification value 182.62 ± 3.65, moisture content 1.82 ± 0.67, ester value 181.73 ± 3.5. Taruani samples had; acid value 0.56 ± 0.13, iodine value 29.63 ± 0.81, peroxides value 5.79 ± 0.62, saponification value 194.07 ± 0.47, moisture content 1.43 ± 0.71, ester value 193.51 ± 0.44. Yan-kura samples had: acid value 0.98 ± 0.09, iodine value 30.78 ± 0.26, and peroxides value 6.2 ± 0.14, and saponification value 184.045.00, and moisture content 1 21 ± 0.60, ester value 183.06 ± 4.91. The microbiological analysis of the samples revealed sabon-gari samples had 1.0 × 10-5, galadima 7.6 × 10-3, Tarauni 7.2 × 10-4, Kogi 1.2 × 10-5, Yan-kura 1.1 × 10-5 and Edo 6.8 × 10-3 cfu/ml respectively. The heavy metals analysed were cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). The concentrations of Cd ranged between 0.001 (ppm) Tarauni to 0.019 (ppm) Galadima, As (ppm) ranged between 0.01 Edo and Kogi to 0.047. Hg (ppm) 0.01 Edo to 0.19 galadima and Pb (ppm) 0.05 Kogi to 0.18 galadima. From the results obtained, it shows that Yan-kura has the most polluted oil due to the exposure to the environment. The samples collected are safe for consumption as at time of analysis, however continuous monitoring is required.