Variational Analysis and Generalized Differentiation I

Weak Sharp Solutions of Variational Inequalities

Underground oil and gas reservoirs (formations) are characterized by spatial variability of their structure, material composition and petrophysical properties of its constituent rocks: particle size distribution, porosity, permeability, structure and texture of the pore space, carbonate content, electrical resistivity, oil and water saturation and other properties. When assessing development and exploitation conditions for underground gas storages, created in depleted underground oil and gas reservoirs, the inherited nature of the reservoir development should be taken into account. Therefore, identifying the features of variations in well productivity is a crucial task, solution of which can contribute to the creation of more efficient system for underground gas storage exploitation. The paper presents the findings of comparative analysis of spatial variations in well productivity during the exploitation of the Garadagh underground gas storage (Azerbaijan), created in the depleted gas condensate reservoir. An uneven nature of the variations in well productivity was established, which was connected with the reservoir heterogeneity (variations in the reservoir lithological composition and poroperm properties). The research was based on the analysis of spatial variations of a number of reservoir parameters: the reservoir net thickness, lithological composition and poroperm properties. The analysis of variations in the net thickness and poroperm properties of the VII horizon of the Garadagh gas condensate field was carried out based on the data of geophysical logging of about 40 wells and studying more than 90 core samples. The data on of more than 90 wells formed the basis for the spacial productivity variation analysis. The analysis of productivity variation in the space of well technological characteristics (based on data from 18 wells) in the Garadagh underground gas storage (UGS) was carried out through the example of the volume of cyclic gas injection and withdrawal in 2020–2021 season. The studies allowed revealing non-uniform spacial variations in the volumes of injected and withdrawn gas at the Garadagh UGS, created in the corresponding depleted gas condensate reservoir. The features of the UGS exploitation conditions are in good agreement with the features of the reservoir development conditions (variations in the well productivity). The inherited nature of the reservoir development and the underground gas storage exploitation is substantiated by the reservoir heterogeneity caused by the spatial variability of the reservoir lithological composition and poroperm properties. Assessing and taking into account the reservoir heterogeneity when designing underground gas storage exploitation conditions should be an important prerequisite for increasing UGS exploitation efficiency.

The analysis of random variation in the performance of Floating Gate Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (FGMOSFET) which is an often cited semiconductor based electronic device, operated in the subthreshold region defined in terms of its drain current (ID), has been proposed in this research.IDis of interest because it is directly measurable and can be the basis for determining the others. All related manufacturing process induced device level random variations, their statistical correlations, and low voltage/low power operating condition have been taken into account. The analysis result has been found to be very accurate since it can fit the nanometer level SPICE BSIM4 based reference with very high accuracy. By using such result, the strategies for minimizing variation inIDcan be found and the analysis of variation in the circuit level parameter of any subthreshold FGMOSFET based circuit can be performed. So, the result of this research has been found to be beneficial to the variability aware design of subthreshold FGMOSFET based circuit.

A novel compliant assembly variation analysis with consideration of initial deviation and welding shrinkage

The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern- Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-D applications; i.e., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-D is straightforward.

Due to small production volume in aircraft industry, the available information of variation sources is often not enough to make assumptions on their probabilistic characteristics, especially in the stage of prototype manufacturing. To deal with the problem, an assembly variation modeling and analysis method based on the elasticity mechanics and interval approach is proposed for aircraft assembly. First, variation sources are modeled as bounded convex sets, which are defined as interval structural parameters in interval arithmetic. Then, variation modeling and analysis are successively implemented using the method of influence coefficient and interval arithmetic. After that, a uniform-splitting method is applied to achieve the refinement of the interval extension in variation analysis. To reduce the complexity of the finite element analysis and assembly variation computation, part deformation forms including warpage and torsion are concisely characterized with angle instead of the deviations of isolated key points on the part. The comparison of the assembly variations estimated with the proposed variation analysis method and actual experiment results verifies the effectiveness of the constructed assembly variation model and the proposed method. The interval approach–based assembly variation analysis method is a good complement to traditional probabilistic approach–based methods for compliant assembly systems, which is suited for linear and linearized nonlinear assembly systems. The proposed method provides an improved understanding of the application of compliant assembly variation analysis methods in aircraft manufacturing.

AB0922-PARE OSTEOPOROSIS AWARENESS LEVEL AS A METHOD FOR IMPROVING PRIMARY PREVENTION

Reaching movements with similar hand paths but different arm orientations. II. Activity of individual cells in dorsal premotor cortex and parietal area 5. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2413-2426, 1997. Neuronal activity in primary motor cortex (MI) is altered when monkeys make reaching movements along similar handpaths at shoulder level with two different arm orientations, either in the natural orientation with the elbow positioned below the level of the shoulder and hand or in an abducted orientation with the elbow abducted nearly to shoulder level. The present study examines to what degree two other cortical areas, the dorsal premotor (PMd) and parietal area 5, also show modulation of cell activity related to arm geometry during reaching. The activity of most (89%) of the 207 cells in PMd recorded while monkeys made reaching movements showed a statistically significant change in activity between orientations [analysis of variation (ANOVA), P < 0.01]. A common effect of arm orientation on cell activity was a change in the overall level of discharge either before, during, and/or after movement (67%, ANOVA, task main effect, P < 0.01). Many cells (76%) showed a statistical change in their response to movement direction (ANOVA, task x direction interaction term, P < 0.01), including changes in dynamic range and changes in the preferred direction of cells that were directionally tuned in both arm orientations. Overall, these effects were similar qualitatively but not as strong quantitatively as those observed in MI. A sample of cells was recorded in area 5 of one monkey. Most (95%) of the 79 area 5 cells showed a change in activity when reaching movements were performed using different arm orientations (ANOVA, P < 0.01). As in PMd and MI, many area 5 cells (56, 71%) showed changes in their tonic discharge before, during, and/or after movement, and 70 cells (89%) showed changes in their response to movement direction (ANOVA, task x direction interaction term, P < 0.01). The observed changes in neuronal activity related to posture and movement in MI, PMd and area 5 demonstrate that single-cell activity in these cortical areas is not simply related to the spatial attributes of hand trajectory but is also strongly influenced by attributes of movement related to arm geometry.

The completion of the human genome project at the beginning of the 21st century, along with the rapid advancement of sequencing technologies thereafter, has resulted in exponential growth of biological data. In genetics, this has given rise to numerous variation databases, created to store and annotate the ever-expanding dataset of known mutations. Usually, these databases focus on variation at the sequence level. Few databases focus on the analysis of variation at the 3D level, that is, mapping, visualizing, and determining the effects of variation in protein structures. Additionally, these Web servers seldom incorporate tools to help analyze these data. Here, we present the Human Mutation Analysis (HUMA) Web server and database. HUMA integrates sequence, structure, variation, and disease data into a single, connected database. A user-friendly interface provides click-based data access and visualization, whereas a RESTful Web API provides programmatic access to the data. Tools have been integrated into HUMA to allow initial analyses to be carried out on the server. Furthermore, users can upload their private variation datasets, which are automatically mapped to public data and can be analyzed using the integrated tools. HUMA is freely accessible at https://huma.rubi.ru.ac.za.

Geometric morphometric techniques allow for the direct quantification and analysis of variation in biological shape and have been used in studies in systematic biology. However, these techniques have not been used for species discrimination in the gastropod genus Conus, a major taxon of significant tropical reef predators recognized for their peptide-based toxins. Here, we used landmark digitization and analysis to show that five species commonly studied for their conotoxins –Conus consors, Conus miles, Conus stercusmuscarum, Conus striatus, and Conus textile – can be effectively distinguished from each other by their shape, as manifested in the results of a principal components analysis (PCA) and the generated thin-plate splines. Two piscivorous species, C. stercusmuscarum and C. striatus, show clear overlaps in the PCA plot, although each taxon clusters within itself, as does each of the others. The loadings on the first two principal components show that the forms of the shells' aperture and spire are particularly important for discrimination. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbour-joining methods shows that group separations are comparable with published phylogenetic schemes based on molecular data and feeding mode (i.e. piscivory, vermivory, molluscivory). The results of this study establish the utility of geometric morphometric methods in capturing the interspecific differences in shell form in the genus Conus. This may lead to the utilization of these methods on other gastropod taxa and the creation of species-recognition programs based on shell shape. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 165, 296–310.

CONSTRAINING VARIATION IN DECREOLIZATION William Washabaugh University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee A replication of D. Bickerton's analysis of fi-tu variation in Caribbean English (1971) indicates that a number of overly-strong hypotheses about variation in decreolization must be modified. Variation in decreolization is notalways bidirectional, not completely directed by the pressure to acquire the standard language, and not entirely constrained by deep-structure categories. But this is not to deny that variation is systematic. Rather, it is directed by both social and linguistic pressures, and is constrained not only by purely linguistic factors, but also by lexical categories established by psychological processes.* 'Post-creole continuum' has become a conventional term among students of creóle languages, and the implicational analysis of post-creole continua is equally well-accepted as an analytic procedure. That analytic procedure has been refined by Bickerton 1971 and employed to describe numerous aspects of post-creole continua. The results of such implicational analyses of post-creole continua have been significant and exciting. Yet, exciting though B's model and its results may be, that model is the first step toward an understanding of decreolization, not the last. The first step in any scientific investigation of a new phenomenon is to postulate and support a set ofvery strong hypotheses. B's model ofdecreolization isjust such a first step toward understanding. As such, it contains some very strong hypotheses : (a) The motive for decreolization is the social pressure on speakers to acquire a standard language (acrolect); therefore speakers in a post-creole commum'ty vary their speech along the single dimension of standard (acrolect)/non-standard (basilect). (b) The constraints on, at least, the variation between the complementizers fi and tu in decreolization are all of a kind, and deal with the deep-structure configuration of the sentences in which./? or tu appear. These hypotheses are a first step toward an understanding of decreolization. The purpose of my investigation, however, is to undertake a second step, in which the hypotheses are put to an empirical test, to see ifthey should be weakened, or even discarded. Accordingly, I will deal with these questions: (i) Is the model proposed by B for describingfi-tu variation in Guyana applicable to other communities which employ Caribbean English? B implies that it should be; my evidence indicates that it is. (ii) Is variation in decreolization entirely unidimensional? My evidence says no; this strong hypothesis must be modified, (iii) Are constraints onfi-tu variation in decreolization all deep-structure constraints? My evidence again says no; this strong hypothesis must also be modified. * This study is based on data collected on Providence Island, Colombia, in 1972-73 and again in 1975. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Institute of Mental Health, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Graduate School, and the American Philosophical Society, without which these data could not have been gathered. The arguments presented here are similar to those in Washabaugh 1974, 1976b, though considerable revising has been done to accommodate the data gathered in 1975. 1 am indebted to Jane Hill and to Fred Eckman for their comments on earlier drafts of these ideas. 329 330LANGUAGE, VOLUME 53, NUMBER 2 (1977) The result ofthis second step toward understanding decreolization will show that it is actually a much more complex process than B's model suggests. Rather than being subject to a single sort ofsocial pressure, speakers in a post-creole community are triply pressured : to avoid the basilect, to acquire the acrolect, and to vary the mesolect. Second, constraints on any variable in decreolization are both deepstructural and surface-structural; they are based both on linguistic categories and on categories developed through non-linguistic principles. 1. Bickerton on fi-tu variation. In this section I will outline B's analysis of the variation in the form ofthe pre-infinitival complementizer in Guyanese decreolization , in order to make clear the principles which he employs. I will follow the outline with an account of my own replication of B's analysis, using data from another and quite distant part of the Caribbean. The intent of the replication is to show that B's model is applicable to post-creole communities other...

We investigated the status of infestation by a tracheal mite, Locustacarus buchneri, in natural populations of a Japanese native bumblebee species, Bombus hypocrita, collected on Hokkaido Island and in the Aomori prefecture between 1997 and 2001. We also investigated mite infestation in commercial colonies of the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, imported from the Netherlands and Belgium, and the Japanese native species, B. ignitus, imported from the Netherlands, between 1997 and 2001. We detected mites in natural populations of the two B. hypocrita subspecies and in the commercial colonies. Analysis of variations in 535 bp sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene showed that the mite haplotypes in the native populations and in the imported colonies did not overlap in 1997–1999, but in 2000–2001 some mites possessing European CO1 haplotypes were detected in the natural populations of Japanese native bumblebees. In addition, many mites possessing Japanese haplotypes were detected in the imported commercial colonies from Europe. Considering the fact that the Japanese native bumblebees, B. hypocrita, were once exported to Europe for commercialization, these results suggest that bumblebee commercialization has caused overseas migration and cross‐infestation of parasitic mites among natural and commercial colonies. However, because the Japanese and European CO1 haplotypes were closely related, there was a possibility that the European haplotypes found in the mites in the Hokkaido Island revealed native variation. To clarify the status of mite invasion, further detailed analysis of genetic variation of the mite, using other genetic markers on additional samples, need to be performed.

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding functional RNAs which are involved in RNA modifications, like methylation and pseudouridylation of other RNAs. The snoRNA species of RNAs are characterized by conserved structural motifs they harbor which are also intricately related to their functionality. Though there have been reports of the involvement of snoRNAs in disease processes and anecdotal reports of genomic variations in snoRNA loci and their effects in modulating snoRNA function, there has been no systematic collection and analysis of variations in snoRNA loci. In this manuscript, we present the most comprehensive curation of genomic single nucleotide variations in human snoRNA loci, and their systematic computational analysis to reveal potential single nucleotide variations which could have functional effects. We show six single nucleotide variations in snoRNA loci could significantly alter snoRNA structure and could have potential implications in their functions. The compilation is available at the snoRNA locus specific variation database: http://genome.igib.res.in/snolovd conforming to the HGVS standards for nomenclature of genomic variants.

A multivariate analysis of the colour variation of the moth Biston betularia has been carried out. Previous workers have demonstrated that the black form, carbonaria, and the intermediate form, insularia, are controlled by alleles at the same locus. The results of the present analysis of the variation of the insularia phenotype in different populations and in 20 families show that there are at least three distinct insularia morphs and suggest that these are controlled by three different insularia alleles. There is evidence that the allele, which in the heterozygous state produces the palest insularia form, is incompletely dominant. For this reason an objective means of classification, considering several different variables, is required to distinguish the three insularia forms. The scoring method that was devised was used to classify insularia in samples from south Wales. In this area the darkest insularia morph reaches its highest frequencies in urban areas.

Genetic analysis and population survey of sex pheromone variation in the adzuki bean borer moth, Ostrinia scapulalis