Abstract
Background:The Powder/Liquid Ratio (PLR) influence, and the literature regarding the handling and physical properties of Glass Ionomer restorative materials (GIC) were investigated.Objective:The objective of the study was to compare the PLR variability and magnitude in hand-mix GICs, as dispensed for clinical use. From the recorded individual powder and liquid weights, additional comparisons could be made by pairing the various “extreme” outer observations in relation to the manufacturer’s PLR.Study Design:The materials assessed were Ketac Universal Hand-mix (KUH), Riva Self Cure Hand-mix (RSCH) and Fuji IX GP Hand-mix (FIXH). Twenty scoops of powder were paired with twenty drops of liquid, as would be the case in the clinical scenario. Statistical analysis was completed with the Kruskal Wallis H test, Intraclass Correlation (ICC) and straight line regressions with One-way ANOVA and the post-hoc Tukey HSD Test (p<0.05 was considered significant).Results:The powder and liquid observations indicate a lack of consistency in both the powder and liquid dispersions. The volume remained “one drop” but the weights were much lower than the manufacturer’s recommended drop weight for some observations, due to air in the liquid drop. The Kruskal-Wallis H test indicated significant differences (p=0.0001) between the three materials for the paired PLRs. The One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD Test were used to compare the recommended PLR to the results and the significant differences (p<0.01).Conclusion:The recommended manufacturers’ powder and liquid weights were KUH 0.150/0.05g; RSC 0.165/0.035; FIXH 0.18/0.05, respectively. KUH, FIXH and RSCH liquid had powder and liquid dispersions above the manufacturer’s recommendations. FIXH had the most paired PLR observations within the ±10% range followed by KUH. Extreme powder and liquid combinations could occur in the clinical scenario and these combinations were considered.
Highlights
The literature shows that Capsulated Glass Ionomer restorative materials (GIC) stay superior to the hand-mixed versions with regard to the consistent mixing regime and physical properties [1, 2]
Fuji IX GP Hand-mix (FIXH) had the most paired Powder/Liquid Ratio (PLR) observations within the ±10% range followed by Ketac Universal Hand-mix (KUH)
No degree of reliability was found with the Intraclass Correlation (ICC) between the paired PLR ratio and the manufacturers' recommended PLR for KUH, Riva Self Cure Hand-mix (RSCH) nor FUIX
Summary
The literature shows that Capsulated Glass Ionomer restorative materials (GIC) stay superior to the hand-mixed versions with regard to the consistent mixing regime and physical properties [1, 2]. The clinical manipulations of hand-mix GICs by clinicians are based on personal preference of the material consistency [6] This preferred consistency does not necessarily reflect the manufacturer’s PLR recommendation, with the speed of spatulation and the powder content being manipulated by clinicians [5, 6]. Clinician variability markedly reduces the powder content of GIC to below the manufacturer’s recommendation to as much as -50%. When this reduction in the PLR range is considered when anterior teeth are restored, the capsulated GICs are a suitable alternative [7]. The Powder/Liquid Ratio (PLR) influence, and the literature regarding the handling and physical properties of Glass Ionomer restorative materials (GIC) were investigated
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