Abstract
Abstract Nonverbal behavior of 50 children attending bilingual kindergarten programs was recorded during children's conversations with a puppet on three separate occasions. To determine the influence of the listener's language on children's code selection, the puppet spoke a different language on each occasion. Of particular interest was the extent to which children made pragmatic adjustments in their nonverbal code in response to different listener needs. Differences in code selection that could be attributed to variation in second-language proficiency were also explored by the contrasting behavior of children classified as monolingual, limited second-language speakers, or bilingual. Distinctive variations in nonverbal communication were found to be associated with the listener's language and the children's proficiency in a second language.
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