Abstract
This work aims at finding an alternative strategy to manage the waste generated by the winemaking industry to obtain a solid biofuel and phenolic compounds. The effect of temperature (180–260 °C), residence time (1–7 h), and biomass-to-liquid ratio (0.05–0.25) on the co-hydrothermal carbonization of vine pruning and exhausted grape pomace, by using vinasse as moisture source, is studied. The effect of the variables is investigated and optimized using the Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology to maximize mass yield, fuel ratio, energy densification yield and phenols extraction yield and to minimize energy consumption. The statistical analysis shows that the carbonization temperature is a crucial parameter of the process, decreasing the product yield on one hand and improving the quality of hydrochar on the other. At the optimal conditions (246.3 °C, 1.6 h, 0.066), an hydrochar yield of 52.64% and a calorific value of 24.1 MJ/kg were obtained. Moreover, the analysis of the H/C and O/C ratios of hydrochars demonstrates that carbonisation significantly improves the fuel properties of solid biofuel. Liquid by-products obtained from the HTC process are found to contain high concentrations of organic matter but the BOD/COD ratios suggest their potential valorization by biological methods.
Highlights
This work aims at finding an alternative strategy to manage the waste generated by the winemaking industry to obtain a solid biofuel and phenolic compounds
This study aims at evaluating the efficiency of vinasse as moisture source for the co-hydrothermal conversion of vine pruning and exhausted grape marc (EGM), recovering all the winery and distillery waste
Vine pruning used for the experiments is obtained from a local farm in Umbria, located in the Center of Italy, while EGM and vinasse are collected from the Bonollo distillery (Italy) after ethanol and tartaric acid extraction by distillation process
Summary
This work aims at finding an alternative strategy to manage the waste generated by the winemaking industry to obtain a solid biofuel and phenolic compounds. Abbreviations BOD Biochemical oxygen demand COD Chemical oxygen demand EGM Exhausted Grape Marc HTC Hydrothermal carbonization HHV Higher heating value LHV Lower heating value RSM Response surface methodology TOC Total organic carbon BBD Box–Behnken design MY Hydrochar yield MH Dry solid mass of hydrochar MF Dry solid mass of initial feedtostock EDY Energy densification yield FR Fuel ratio VM Volatile matter FC Fixed carbon PEY Phenols extraction yield TPC Total phenols content ANOVA Analysis of variance EI Energy input Hwater Enthalpy of water cp Specific heat capacity As Surface area of the reactor k Thermal conductivity of the insulation material. In Europe, according to the European Council Regulation (EC) 491/2009, grape marc biomass should be sent to alcohol distilleries to recover ethanol, tartrates and to produce spirit liquors[4] This process produces other waste, such as a solid fraction, the exhausted grape marc (EGM), and vinasse, which is a liquid stream whose disposal and recycling represent a serious environmental problem. Considering that about 10–15 L of vinasse are obtained per 1 L of ethanol p roduced[12], the efficient disposal of winery waste is a serious problem from an economic and environmental point of view
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