Abstract
BackgroundRestoring sleep is associated with a broad variety of favorable cognitive, emotional, social and behavioral benefits during the day. This holds particularly true for adolescents, as maturational, social, cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes might unfavorably impact on adolescents’ sleep. Among adolescents, poor sleep hygiene practices are a potentially modifiable risk factor that can be addressed via appropriate interventions. Accordingly, having reliable and valid self-report measures to assess sleep hygiene practices is essential to gauge individual responses to behavioral interventions and evaluate sleep hygiene recommendations. The aim of the present study therefore was to translate and to test the psychometric properties (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factorial and concurrent validity) of the Farsi/Persian version of the revised version of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHSr).MethodA total of 1013 adolescents (mean age: M = 15.4 years; SD = 1.2; range: 12–19 years; 42.9% females) completed the ASHSr and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in their classroom during an official school lesson. Further, 20% completed the ASHSr 6 weeks later to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated to examine internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test factorial validity, whereas concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were examined via correlation analyses.ResultsA first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated the six-factor structure of the ASHSr, including a physiological, behavioral arousal, cognitive/emotional, daytime sleep, sleep environment, and sleep stability factor. A second-order CFA showed that a higher-order sleep hygiene construct explained sufficient variance in each factor. Cronbach’s alpha values ranged between .71 and .75, correlations for test-retest reliability between .82 and .87. Significant correlations were found between most ASHSr scales and the PSQI indices. However, the magnitude of these correlations was weak.ConclusionsThe Farsi/Persian version of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale can be used as a reliable and valid tool for evaluation of sleep hygiene practices among Farsi/Persian-speaking adolescents.
Highlights
Restoring sleep is associated with a broad variety of favorable cognitive, emotional, social and behavioral benefits during the day
A secondorder confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that a higher-order sleep hygiene construct explained sufficient variance in each factor
Significant correlations were found between most Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale revised (ASHSr) scales and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) indices
Summary
Restoring sleep is associated with a broad variety of favorable cognitive, emotional, social and behavioral benefits during the day. Several cross-sectional studies show that restoring sleep is significantly associated with daytime functioning in terms of favorable cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social processes. This holds true for infants and toddlers [1,2,3,4], preschoolers [5, 6], children [7,8,9,10,11,12], and adolescents [12, 13]. Poor sleep hygiene practices can be seen as potentially modifiable risk factor that may moderate some of the above-mentioned influences on adolescents’ sleep
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