Validating the Human Trafficking Screening Tool for Justice System-Involved Youth.

The Tragedy and Horror of Human Trafficking of Children and Youth

Health Care Professionals Learn Signs of Human Trafficking

Purpose This paper aims to explore the relationship between human trafficking brokers and trafficking victims by using examples from both the international labour and human organ trafficking industries. It proposes an evolution in the brokerage process from geographic to online networks and how this alters the nature of the relationships between parties. The study aims to expand the understanding of contemporary trafficking brokerage networks in developing areas. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an ethnographic study which involved living among trafficking victims in 21 developing countries during the period of 2008-2015; 17 cases are presented as exemplars of the trafficking industry environment, told from the perspective of both trafficking victims and the brokers who have profited from them. The data were complemented by commentary, which developed common themes across both labour and human organ trafficking. Findings The paper provides insights about how change in the brokerage process is brought about by the shift from geographic to online networks. It suggests that trafficking operations have learned how to use online social media and the dark Web. Moreover, it illustrates the impact of these networks on the power imbalance in human trafficking and the experience of its victims. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to labour and human organ trafficking in developing nations, but the concepts may have wider implications in other forms of human trafficking. Practical implications The paper includes implications for the development of a framework to understand the impact of online trafficking networks. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how human trafficking networks are evolving in the digital age.

Abstract: Human trafficking is an illegal practice that involves the exploitation of individuals for commercial purposes. Many minors are victims of human trafficking, including in Sidoarjo. Law enforcement officials, including the police, play an important role in dealing with victims of human trafficking. This study aims to discuss the role of the Sidoarjo City Resort Police (POLRESTA) in dealing with victims of human trafficking from the perspective of Islamic law. This research is a field research conducted at the Sidoarjo Police. Data was collected from observations, interviews, and documentation. The collected data is analyzed descriptively with a deductive mindset. The results of the study show that the Sidoarjo Police have an important role in handling victims of human trafficking. The efforts made by the Sidoarjo Police for victims of human trafficking are to accompany victims and provide safe houses. In addition, to handle the crime of human trafficking in Sidoarjo, the Sidoarjo police are making prevention efforts and repressive efforts. Prevention efforts include socialization, while repressive efforts are monitored, field operations, and the application of punishments. In Islamic law, the role played by the Sidoarjo police is closely related to the benefit. The protection of victims of human trafficking is closely related to the benefits of protecting the soul in maqasid al-shari'ah. Meanwhile, preventive efforts are related to maintaining the intellect (hifz al-aql), and repressive efforts are related to preserving the soul (hifs al-nafs). Keywords: human trafficking, children, victims, maslahah, maqasid al-syari'ah. Abstrak: Human trafficking adalah praktek ilegal yang melibatkan eksploitasi individu untuk tujuan komersial. Banyak anak di bawah umur yang menjadi korban human trafficking termasuk di Sidoarjo. Aparat penegak hukum, diantaranya polisi, berperan penting dalam menangani korban human trafficking. Penelitian ini bertujuan membahas tentang peran Kepolisian Resor Kota (POLRESTA) Sidoarjo dalam menangani korban human trafficking perspektif hukum Islam. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan yang dilakukan di Polresta Sidoarjo. Data dikumpulkan dari hasil observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan pola pikir deduktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Polresta Sidoarjo memiliki peran yang penting dalam menangani korban human trafficking. Upaya yang dilakukan Polresta Sidoarjo bagi korban human trafficking adalah dengan mendampingi korban dan memberikan rumah aman. Selain itu, untuk menangani tindak pidana human trafficking di Sidoarjo, polresta Sidoarjo melakukan upaya pencegahan dan upaya represif. Upaya pencegahan meliputi sosialisasi sedangkan upaya represif dengan melakukan pemantauan, operasi lapangan, dan penerapan hukuman. Dalam hukum Islam peran yang dilakukan polresta Sidoarjo berkaitan erat dengan kemaslahatan. Perlindungan terhadap korban human trafficking berkaitan erat dengan kemaslahatan menjaga jiwa dalam maqasid al-syari’ah. Sedangkan upaya prefentif berkaitan dengan menjaga akal (hifz al-aql) dan upaya represif berkaitan dengan menjaga jiwa (hifs al-nafs). Kata kunci: human trafficking, anak, korban, maslahah, maqasid al-syari’ah.

The paper reviews recent developments in the system of protection, assistance and support of victims of human trafficking in Serbia. The establishment of the Agency for Co-ordination of Protection of Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings in 2003, the issuing of the Instruction on Conditions for Obtaining Temporary Residence Permit for Foreign Citizens — Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings by the Minister of Interior in 2004, and the adoption of the Strategy to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings in the Republic of Serbia in 2006 are important steps forward. Notable improvement has been achieved in the protection of victims as injured parties/witnesses in criminal proceedings. However, despite the respectable efforts made so far, further improvements to the system and mechanisms of victim protection in Serbia are still needed, particularly in terms of developing support for and protection of child victims.

Worldwide human trafficking, frequently referred to as “modern-day slavery,” is considered to be the third-largest criminal industry and one of the fastest-growing, surpassed only by arms and drug dealing. Human trafficking is a multi-faceted complex global issue that involves essentially all developed countries either as a source, transit or destination sites. It is the act of recruiting, receiving, and apprehending individuals using threat, coercion and or physical force for exploitation. This analytical review of the literature addressed existing research and literature on the current status of human trafficking. The victims of trafficking may access some healthcare organizations at some point in time during their captivity. Therefore, health professionals (e.g., advanced practice nurses, nurses) need to be able to screen, assess and identify certain clues and health conditions that are common to this population. Besides, to improve their health outcomes, this visit will be useful for their capture. The Holistic Model Based on Adequate Screening, Assessment and Interventions for Improving the Health Outcomes in Victims of Human Trafficking is a useful model for guiding health professionals in recognizing the relevance of abuse when victims present certain illnesses in diverse healthcare organizations. Strategies for improving the health outcomes for this group include: (a) adequate screening, assessment, and interventions and (b) more education for health professionals on assessing and recognizing victims of human trafficking. Policy development is needed in changing laws for the protection of victims of human trafficking around the globe.

The US Department of State estimates that there are between 4 and 27 million individuals worldwide in some form of modern slavery. Recent studies have demonstrated that 28% to 50% of trafficking victims in the United States encountered health care professionals while in captivity, but were not identified and recognized. This study aimed to determine whether an educational presentation increased emergency department (ED) providers' recognition of human trafficking (HT) victims and knowledge of resources to manage cases of HT. The 20 largest San Francisco Bay Area EDs were randomized into intervention (10 EDs) or delayed intervention comparison groups (10 EDs) to receive a standardized educational presentation containing the following: background about HT, relevance of HT to health care, clinical signs in potential victims, and referral options for potential victims. Participants in the delayed intervention group completed a pretest in the period the immediate intervention group received the educational presentation, and all participants were assessed immediately before (pretest) and after (posttest) the intervention. The intervention effect was tested by comparing the pre-post change in the intervention group to the change in 2 pretests in the delayed intervention group adjusted for the effect of clustering within EDs. The 4 primary outcomes were importance of knowledge of HT to the participant's profession (5-point Likert scale), self-rated knowledge of HT (5-point Likert scale), knowledge of who to call for potential HT victims (yes/no), and suspecting that a patient was a victim of HT (yes/no). There were 258 study participants from 14 EDs; 141 from 8 EDs in the intervention group and 117 from 7 EDs in the delayed intervention comparison group, of which 20 served as the delayed intervention comparison group. Participants in the intervention group reported greater increases in their level of knowledge about HT versus those in the delayed intervention comparison group (1.42 vs -0.15; adjusted difference = 1.57 [95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.12]; P < 0.001). Pretest ratings of the importance of knowledge about HT to the participant's profession were high in both groups and there was no intervention effect (0.31 vs 0.55; -0.24 [-0.90-0.42], P = 0.49). Knowing who to call for potential HT victims increased from 7.2% to 59% in the intervention group and was unchanged (15%) in the delayed intervention comparison group (61.4% [28.5%-94.4%]; P < 0.01). The proportion of participants who suspected their patient was a victim of HT increased from 17% to 38% in the intervention group and remained unchanged (10%) in the delayed intervention comparison group (20.9 [8.6%-33.1%]; P < 0.01). A brief educational intervention increased ED provider knowledge and self-reported recognition of HT victims.

Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach that is often underrecognized in the United States. Victims of trafficking have been found in a wide range of legal and illegal business settings, and this frequently hidden population is most often exploited in the commercial sex industry, agriculture, factories, hotels, restaurants, as domestic workers, and by marriage brokers and some adoption firms. Human trafficking disproportionately affects underserved women and children, with more than 70% of trafficking cases involving women and girls and more than 90% of victims trafficked into the sex industry. Obstetrician-gynecologists and other women's health care providers are well-situated to identify and assist victims of human trafficking. Many trafficked individuals present to outpatient obstetrics and gynecology clinics, community health centers, family planning clinics, urgent care centers, and adolescent medicine clinics, and one half of all female victims of sex trafficking have visited the emergency department while involved in sex trafficking. Obstetrician-gynecologists and other women's health care providers should be aware of human trafficking, recognize signs of human trafficking, and be prepared to assist patients who are victims or who have been victims of human trafficking. This Committee Opinion has been updated to include screening questions and indicators to identify victims of human trafficking, additional information regarding reporting obligations for suspected human trafficking, and additional resources for survivors of human trafficking.

Victims of Human Trafficking: A Human Rights Perspective

Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach that is often underrecognized in the United States. Victims of trafficking have been found in a wide range of legal and illegal business settings, and this frequently hidden population is most often exploited in the commercial sex industry, agriculture, factories, hotels, restaurants, as domestic workers, and by marriage brokers and some adoption firms. Human trafficking disproportionately affects underserved women and children, with more than 70% of trafficking cases involving women and girls and more than 90% of victims trafficked into the sex industry. Obstetrician-gynecologists and other women's health care providers are well-situated to identify and assist victims of human trafficking. Many trafficked individuals present to outpatient obstetrics and gynecology clinics, community health centers, family planning clinics, urgent care centers, and adolescent medicine clinics, and one half of all female victims of sex trafficking have visited the emergency department while involved in sex trafficking. Obstetrician-gynecologists and other women's health care providers should be aware of human trafficking, recognize signs of human trafficking, and be prepared to assist patients who are victims or who have been victims of human trafficking. This Committee Opinion has been updated to include screening questions and indicators to identify victims of human trafficking, additional information regarding reporting obligations for suspected human trafficking, and additional resources for survivors of human trafficking.

Objectives(1) To estimate the proportion of National Health Service (NHS) professionals who have come into contact with trafficked people and (2) to measure NHS professionals’ knowledge and confidence to respond...

The problems in this research are concerning to the regulations on the legal protection of illegal Indonesian migrant workers abroad who are victims of trafficking in persons already comprehensive, and the forms, mechanisms and procedures for legal protection of illegal Indonesian migrant workers abroad who are victims of trafficking in persons in BP3TKI Central Java already comprehensive?This thesis research uses a qualitative approach with a juridical-empirical method. The results of research and discussion show that based on Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Overseas (PMI Law), the protection provided to victims of human criminal acts includes legal, social and economic protection. Whereas Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons (Huma Trafficking Act) grants the right to victims of human trafficking, among others, restitution, rehabilitation and repatriation. The most important form of legal protection for Indonesian migrant workers who are victims of trafficking in persons by Central Java BP3TKI is the repatriation of victims. In addition, the BP3TKI also conducts law enforcement against the perpetrators who are suspected of committing criminal acts of people. In conducting protection efforts, the Central Java BP3TKI collaborates with various parties such as the local police, BNP2TKI, and representatives of the Indonesian state in the placement country.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Trafficking of women for sexual exploitation, as one of the most common forms of human trafficking, affects all countries regardless of the level of development, and all social groups, regardless of financial security, level of education, and other important parameters. Having in mind the core problems that victims of human trafficking (especially women) face, this paper, in addition to a general review of the causes of human trafficking and general observations on trafficking in women and elements of sexual exploitation, focuses on one of the most important causes of trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in modern society. We are talking, of course, about the lack of education and information. There is no doubt that education and information are very important factors in preventing the trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. The development of the preventive concept of meaningful education and information concerning women, who are very often a socially, culturally, economically, and politically vulnerable category, must not be neglected. Also, a systematic approach to education, thorough information of professionals in the field of protection of (potential) victims of trafficking and social workers, should be of key importance, for society to systematically oppose the phenomenon of trafficking.

This study investigated psychosocial predictors of involvement of women as victims of human trafficking using. This descriptive study had four independent variables- “coping strategies”, “self-esteem” “risk taking attitude” and “social support”. The dependent variable was involvement of women as victims of trafficking in persons. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 300 participants from Lagos and Ogun States for this study. Four survey instruments were adopted in this study – The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Domain–Specific Risk-Taking Attitude Scale (RAS) and Involvement in Trafficking in Person Scale (ITPS) was developed by this researcher Two hypotheses were tested and findings indicated significant combined and relative contributions of psychosocial factors identified as predictors of involvement of women as victims of trafficking in persons. These findings emphasized the roles of communities in preventing rather than punishing the crime of human trafficking .The young girls that were denied necessary social support either perceived or tangible might have high propensity to take risk, have poor self esteem and adopt emotional coping strategies. This situation coupled with high level of poverty serve as plausible to fall prey or enticed by the bait of traffickers. It was recommended that various government agencies and parastatal should ensure enforcement of compulsory universal basic education, discourage disparity against girl child education and educate family exposing children to danger through cultural practices such as child fostering. Gender and Behaviour Vol. 6 (1) 2008: pp. 1480-1493

This commentary analyses the Court of Appeal decision in R v. O, and considers the implications of misidentification of victims of human trafficking, both in the light of the UK's obligations with respect to these victims at the time of the decision in O, and following signature and ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. A custodial sentence had been imposed upon O as a result of her attempt to leave the UK using false identification documents. Had she been identified as a victim of human trafficking - and there were ample opportunities for this to happen - she may not have had to endure the trauma which resulted from her conviction. Due to the fact that the Trafficking Convention was not in force in the UK at the time of the decision, it was necessary for Laws - to draw upon sources that were available at the time; notably, the European Convention on Human Rights. Although implementation of the Trafficking Convention has brought about more favourable conditions for this vulnerable body of persons, enjoyment of the ‘rights’ contained within it is wholly dependent upon correct and timely identification of an individual as a victim of human trafficking. This case highlights both the need for training for those who may come into contact with victims of trafficking, such as immigration authorities and legal representatives, and the importance of procedures that aid rapid identification so that victims of human trafficking have access to their rights.