Validación del test de Fagerström para adicción a la nicotina (FTND)

GINERISK was designed to assess the clinical profile of Spanish postmenopausal women with a diagnosis of osteoporosis and to establish the presence of other risk factors. In this Spanish cross-sectional, epidemiological, observational study, gynecologists sequentially invited postmenopausal women with osteoporosis under their care to complete a predefined questionnaire during a routine visit. Risk factors for bone fractures, endometrial pathology, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease were assessed. In addition to being postmenopausal and having diagnosed osteoporosis, 49.8% (2,070/4,157) of eligible participants had one or more risk factors for bone fractures, 96.8% (4,023/4,157) had one or more risk factors for breast cancer, and 83.4% (3,469/4,157) had one or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, 20.1% (n = 835) of the women presented with high cardiovascular risk, 16.6% (n = 692) were at high risk for bone fractures, and 14.5% (n = 423) were at high risk for developing breast cancer in the next 5 years, whereas only 9.2% (n = 301) of participants were identified as having high endometrial risk. In addition to the increased risk of bone fractures, women with osteoporosis are also at risk for endometrial pathology, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease. These risks should be evaluated and taken into consideration when choosing an osteoporosis treatment for postmenopausal women.

Background: Tobacco addiction is a global social issue, leading to one death every six seconds worldwide. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is a commonly used tool to assessing physical nicotine dependence. The FTND scores range from 0 to 10 and consist of six questions, each with its score reflecting the smoker's level of nicotine dependence. This study aimed to assess the nicotine dependence of secondary school students using the Fagerstrom test. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1, 2023, to April 10, 2024, in AL-Najaf City. The study sample included 283 smoking students, selected from a total of 829 participants from eight secondary schools, selected by using a multistage simple random sampling technique. The study instrument was a questionnaire with two parts: the first part collected some demographic characteristics, and the second part consisted of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Result: Out of 283 smokers, 234 were males, and 49 were females. According to Fagerstrom Test items, the results show 43.1% smoke the first cigarette 60 minutes after waking up, 68.9% do not find it difficult to refrain from smoking in any forbidden places, 58% cannot give up smoking cigarettes after eating, 61.8% for ≤ 10 smoked cigarettes per day, 62.9% for never smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking and 65.7% for not smoke when so ill. Conclusion: - 47% of smokers were in low dependence, 22.3% for low to moderate, 29.7% for moderate and 1.1 % for high dependence, with a significant difference between the Fagerstrom test and socio-economic status.

The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule: do they diagnose the same smokers?

<span>Cigarette smoke contains thousands of man-made substances, and many may contribute to addiction and inflammation. This study examined the effect of synbiotics on the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and inflammatory markers in Thai smokers. 14 smokers with a Nicotine Dependence Fagerstrom Test scores of 4 or higher and no pregnancy or lactation history participated in this study. We gave them surveys about the FTND and continued blood tests for Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lactulose and mannitol ratios (LMR), Quinolinic acid (QA), and 5-hydroindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) to record inflammatory marker levels and leaky gut information. Pearson's R-values for LPS and LMR were 0.444 and -0.465. FTND showed a positive correlation with LPS and a negative correlation with leaky gut, but both relationships were weak due to no correlation for LPS but leaky gut. The R<sup>2</sup> of the LPS correlation coefficient was 0.197, p = 0.112, and the R<sup>2</sup> of the leaky gut correlation was 0.217, </span><em><span>p</span></em><span> 0.001. FTND, LMR, and QA were significantly reduced, while 5-HIAA was elevated. Further investigation is needed to determine the association between smoking and inflammation. In conclusion, synbiotics improved FTND, gut permeability, and inflammation. </span>

This article assesses whether the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), adequately reflects sex, gender and diversity related differences in nicotine dependence. Available studies on the FTND were reviewed and a sex, gender and diversity analysis (SGBA) of this instrument was conducted. Results indicate that sex and gender differences in nicotine dependence may undermine the ability of the FTND to present an adequate picture of dependence. Conducting a SGBA on this Fagerstrom test reveals that sex and gender differences likely limit the ability of this instrument to present an accurate picture of dependence in diverse groups. Further research is needed to enhance the sensitivity of the FTND.

Two methods of identifying smokers with high nicotine dependence, the heaviness of smoking index (HSI) and number of cigarettes per day (CPD) were compared with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). The HSI, CPD and the FTND were administered to 316 adult Malaysian male, daily smokers aged between 25-64 years old in the Malaysian NCD Surveillance-1 Survey using a two-stage stratified random sampling of enumeration blocks and living quarters, via an interview based on a validated questionnaire. The cut-off point for classification of high nicotine dependence on the HSI was a score of four or higher, and for the heavy smoking category, smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day. Classification using each method was compared with classification by the FTND (score of six or more) as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity and kappa statistics for concordance between both measures and the FTND were evaluated. The HSI gave a similar prevalence rate of high nicotine dependence as the FTND. There was substantial agreement between the HSI and the FTND (kappa=0.63.), with moderate sensitivity (69.8%) and high specificity (92.5%). However, prevalence of high nicotine dependence using the CPD was 7% lower than the FTND. The heavy smoking category also showed fair agreement with the FTND (kappa=0.45) and moderate sensitivity (67.0%), but specificity was high (86.9%). The findings indicate that the HSI can be used as an alternative to the FTND in screening for high nicotine dependence among daily smokers in large population-based studies, while CPD may not be a suitable alternative to the FTND.

Between 15% and 20% of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the present study was to determine which characteristics of smoking, particularly the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score, were associated with the risk of developing COPD. Data from the IBERPOC epidemiological study were analyzed. IBERPOC was a multicenter epidemiological study including 4035 individuals aged 40-69 years, 1023 (25%) of whom were active smokers. We analyzed the association between smoking characteristics--such as the cumulative consumption of tobacco, FTND score, and expired-air carbon monoxide levels--and the diagnosis of COPD. Among the smokers, 153 (15%) were diagnosed with COPD. A cumulative tobacco consumption of more than 30 pack-years (OR=4.24, 95% CI=2.83-6.36) and the FTND score (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.02-1.21, for each point increase) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of COPD in the model obtained by logistic regression analysis with the full sample of smokers. Cumulative consumption of tobacco was associated with the diagnosis of COPD. For each point increase in the FTND score, the probability of a smoker developing COPD increased by 11%.

Test of measurement invariance of the FTND across demographic groups: Assessment, effect size, and prediction of cessation

Objective The aim of this study is to estimate the psychometric psychometric of the Chinese version of the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence(FTND) in Chinese people. Methods Collected information of outpatients who went to the outpatient service for advices and assistants of smoking cessation in Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital From November 2008 to July 2009. Then randomly select the sample of 60 participants and estimated the reliability and validity of FTND. Results The Cronbach's a coefficient was 0.658, cocurrent with reliability coefficients of foreign studies, but did not meet the satisfactory standard of 0.70. The six items of FTND could not cover main elements of diagnostic criteria of substance dependence and nicotine with drawal in DSM-Ⅳ, lacked content validity. There were two components with eigenvalues>1,with accounted totally 58.767% of the total Variance in this scale,which indicated that it is multi-factor influenced. Conclusions The Chinese version of FTND is a fairly reliable and valid scale, but still needs to be revised to accommodate coss-cuhural differences to play a more important role in smoking cessation therapies and scientific studies in China. Key words: Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence; Chinese version; Reliability; Validity

Context: The most widely and classically used measures in tobacco dependence assessment is The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). There are few articles studying the factors associated with Fagerstrom test among Iranian smokers. Our aim in this study is the determination of the association between sociodemographic factors and FTND test. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study including 673 subjects was obtained from people who were referred to the health center for smoking cessation. The questionnaire included items on sociodemographic information and information on smoking cigarettes and history of cessation. Result: Mean ± SD of age and age of onset smoking were 39.7 ± 1.1 and 18.6 ± 5.5, respectively. Mean ± SD with scale ranging from consuming number of cigarettes per day and FTND of smokers, were 22.1 ± 11.5 with 2-90 and 7.4 ± 0.81 with 4-9, respectively. Association of demographic and some other characteristics with Fagerstrom status for Nicotine Dependence were studied in the smoking participants. The ORs [95% CI] were as follows: In primary education level 2.2 [1.1-4.9]; number of smoking per day 1.3 [1.2-1.4]; duration of smoking between 10-19, 20-29, and more than 30 years 2.5 [1.1-5.6], 2.2 [0.93-5.2], and 4.3 [1.7-10.7], respectively; without history of previous quit attempt 2.1 [1.1-4.1]; nicotine concentration more than 0.8 mg/pack 4.8 [2.7-8.4]; enjoying in routine activities 2.9 [1.3-6.2]. Conclusion: The above results suggest that there are significant associations between Fagerstrφm status and smokingrelated behaviors in the Iranian population, consistent with previous reports worldwide. These factors should be considered to have appropriate public health and policy response.

Introduction: Smoking is one of key risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and carotid artery disease (CAD). Despite attempts being made to make the society aware of the consequences of passive and active smoking, as well as worldwide and nationwide epidemiologic research reflecting the scale of the problem, there are still a lot of smokers. Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between the degree of addiction and the level of motivation for ceasing smoking in the case of patients before vascular surgery. Furthermore, to point out factors that have a significant impact on the level of nicotine dependence and motivation for ceasing smoking. Methods: The survey included patients qualified for vascular surgeries. The patients were active smokers: 69.3% men and 30.7% women. The survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire based on standard research tools: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Test of Motivation for Ceasing Smoking by Nina Schneider, and the original questionnaire aimed at collecting social and demographic data. Results: Most patients showed a high or moderate degree of nicotine dependence: 46.5% and 40.6%, respectively. An average nicotine dependence ratio based on the Fagerström test was 6.23 ± 2.39. An average motivation for the ceasing smoking ratio was 4.88 ± 2.76. Only 34.7% of the patients had a high motivation for ceasing smoking. Over half of the patients (61.4%) attempted to cease smoking in the past. Conclusions: Most patients undergoing vascular surgeries showed a high or moderate degree of nicotine dependence and low motivation to quit smoking. The greater the addiction to nicotine, the lower the motivation to quit smoking. Social and demographic factors do not affect the degree of nicotine addiction and the motivation to quit smoking. Years of smoking had an impact on the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

To compare screening performances of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and the Heavy Smoking Index (HSI) with a view to determining the optimum cutoff scores using biomarkers as standards. Previous studies proposed inconsistent cutoff scores for the FTQ, the FTND as signalling nicotine dependence and these scores were established by applying diverse standards. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used in pursuit of the study's objectives. Two hundred and forty-five male smokers were recruited in 2005 from among those attending public health stations in southern Taiwan. The three self-report measures of nicotine dependence were compared with the saliva cotinine and expired carbon monoxide (CO). The expired CO level was tested by means of a Micro Smokerlyzer, while salivary cotinine was analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The areas under the ROC curves for the FTQ, the FTND and the HSI were 0.71, 0.76 and 0.76 for the salivary cotinine and 0.71, 0.79 and 0.80 for the exhaled CO respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the FTND and the HSI were slightly greater than those for the FTQ. The optimum cutoff scores for the FTQ, the FTND and the HSI as screening tools to establish nicotine dependence would be 5+, 4+ and 3+ respectively. The results indicate that the FTND and the HSI may be more efficacious than the FTQ in assessing nicotine dependence. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, especially among female smokers and for nicotine substitution trials. Relevance to clinical practice. To decrease tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality, nurses and healthcare professionals need to implement effective smoking cessation interventions. The FTND and the HSI as well as their cutoff scores will be suitably used to assess nicotine dependence in these interventions.

Rates of cannabis use disorder (CUD) are higher in people with schizophrenia than in the general population. Irrespective of psychiatric diagnosis, tobacco co-use is prevalent in those with CUD and leads to poor cannabis cessation outcomes. The cannabis withdrawal syndrome is well-established and increases cannabis relapse risk. We investigated whether cannabis withdrawal severity differed as a function of high versus no/low tobacco dependence and psychiatric diagnosis in individuals with CUD. Men with CUD (N = 55) were parsed into four groups according to schizophrenia diagnosis and tobacco dependence severity using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND): men with schizophrenia with high tobacco dependence (SCT+, n = 13; FTND ≥ 5) and no/low tobacco dependence (SCT-, n = 22; FTND ≤ 4), and nonpsychiatric controls with high (CCT+, n = 7; FTND ≥ 5) and no/low (CCT-, n = 13; FTND ≤ 4) tobacco dependence. Participants completed the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist following 12-h of cannabis abstinence. There was a significant main effect of tobacco dependence on cannabis withdrawal severity (p < .001). Individuals with high tobacco dependence had significantly greater cannabis withdrawal severity (M = 13.85 [6.8]) compared to individuals with no/low tobacco dependence (M = 6.49, [4.9]). Psychiatric diagnosis and the interaction effects were not significant. Lastly, cannabis withdrawal severity positively correlated with FTND (r = .41, p = .002). Among individuals with CUD and high tobacco dependence, cannabis withdrawal severity was elevated twofold, irrespective of diagnosis, relative to individuals with CUD and no/low tobacco dependence. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of addressing tobacco co-use when treating CUD.

Tobacco addiction is a major public health problem. Numerous scientific studies have been conducted on the harms of tobacco products. However, the number of intervention studies investigating the effect of long-term awareness of the harm of tobacco products on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and Respiratory Function Test (RFT) are limited. Our goal is to investigate the impact of long-term scientific awareness on these parameters. The study was designed an intervention study on active and passive smoking participants and their control groups. Control groups were not given any training on the harms of tobacco products. When comparing the first and last weeks in active smoker intervention group (ASIG), the difference between FTND, FEV1, CO, and COHb parameters was observed to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). The highest decrease in ASIG was in CO (↓60%) parameter and the highest increase was in the FEV1(↑%10) parameter. There was a significant difference both FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC (p&lt;0.05) and CO parameters of passive smokers intervention group (PSIG). The highest decrease in PSIG was in the CO parameter (↓%65.8) and the highest increase was in the FVC (↑%10) parameter. Awareness programs may reduce the severity of addiction in active smokers and may help protect passive smokers. As awareness increases, positive changes in some vital parameters may be possible. Up-to-date programs and policies are needed to make easy and sustainable awareness of both active and passive smoking.

Context: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is a self-administered ordinal measure of nicotine dependence containing six items that evaluate the quantity of tobacco smoking, the compulsion to use, and dependence. Aims: To date, no Bengali version of the questionnaire is available. We aimed to develop its Bengali version and examine its cross-cultural adaptability considering linguistic equivalence. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted through consecutive sampling at the outpatients of the National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata. Subjects and Methods: The FTND-Bengali version (FTND-B) was produced by standardized forward-backward translations. The psychometric analysis was run to examine its factor structure, validity, and reliability. Reliability was examined using internal consistency (n = 263). Construct validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis (n = 132) using principal component analysis (varimax rotation). Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 131) was performed to verify the model fit. Results: The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's α = 0.701; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.641–0.753). The Kaiser–Meyer-Olkin (=0.712) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (Chi-square 109.593, P &lt; 0.001) both suggested adequacy of the sample. In factor analysis using varimax, all the items loaded above the pre-specified value of 0.3 and identified two components – “restraint” (question no. 1, 2, and 6) and “compulsion” (question no. 3, 4, and 5); explaining 56.1% of the variation. The goodness-of-fit in the CFA model was mediocre, but acceptable (Comparative Fit Index = 0.871, Tucker Lewis Index = 0.759, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.142, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.026). Conclusions: FTND-B, consisting of 6 items and framed within two components, appeared to be a valid and reliable questionnaire.