Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are closely related δ-retroviruses that induce hematological diseases. HTLV-1 infects about 15 million people worldwide, mainly in subtropical areas. HTLV-1 induces a wide spectrum of diseases (e.g., HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis) and leukemia/lymphoma (adult T-cell leukemia). Bovine leukemia virus is a major pathogen of cattle, causing important economic losses due to a reduction in production, export limitations and lymphoma-associated death. In the absence of satisfactory treatment for these diseases and besides the prevention of transmission, the best option to reduce the prevalence of δ-retroviruses is vaccination. Here, we provide an overview of the different vaccination strategies in the BLV model and outline key parameters required for vaccine efficacy.
Highlights
15 million people worldwide, mainly in subtropical areas
Provided that the cell escapes the immune response upon the silencing of viral expression, the integrated provirus can replicate by mitosis of its host cell (Figure 2)
About 6% of infections occur in utero by unknown mechanisms that could involve the intermittent infection of antigen presenting cells or trans-cell migration, as described for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) [25]
Summary
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a δ-retrovirus that infects B-lymphocytes and induces a persistent infection in cattle with diverse clinical outcomes [1,2,3]. Polyclonal expansion means that different B-cell clones carrying a BLV virus integrated in the genome proliferate during PL (Figure 1) This clinical condition is characterized by an increase in the absolute number of peripheral blood circulating B-lymphocytes (above 10,000/mm). The most conspicuous clinical manifestation of BLV infection is the development of tumors in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen), as well as in other tissues This condition, called lymphoma, occurs in about 5%–10% of infected animals, predominantly in adult cattle older than 3–5 years (Figure 1). 30%–70% of animals, the number of infected cells in blood increases above normal levels of 10,000/mm3 During this persistent lymphocytosis phase, morbidity is characterized by weakness and opportunistic infections, as observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in human.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
