Abstract
The utilization of waste materials from the palm oil industry provides immense benefit to various sectors of the construction industry. Palm oil clinker is a by-product from the processing stages of palm oil goods. Channelling this waste material into the building industry helps to promote sustainability besides overcoming waste disposal problems. Environmental pollution due to inappropriate waste management system can also be drastically reduced. In this study, cement was substituted with palm oil clinker powder as a binder material in self-compacting mortar. The fresh, hardened and microstructure properties were evaluated throughout this study. In addition, sustainability component analysis was also carried out to assess the environmental impact of introducing palm oil clinker powder as a replacement material for cement. It can be inferred that approximately 3.3% of cement production can be saved by substituting palm oil clinker powder with cement. Reducing the utilization of cement through a high substitution level of this waste material will also help to reduce carbon emissions by 52%. A cleaner environment free from pollutants can be created to ensure healthier living. Certain industries may benefit through the inclusion of this waste material as the cost and energy consumption of the product can be minimized.
Highlights
The utilization of waste by-products in concrete has garnered positive outcomes over the past few decades in terms of the cost savings and conservation of natural resources
Incorporation of ground palm oil fuel ash (GPA) for high strength concrete production reduced the water permeability of the concrete which is about half compared to Type 1 Portland cement high strength concrete [33]
Based on the biomass production rate reported by Sumathi, Chai and Mohamed [6], replacing cement with Palm oil c5linker (POC) powder can approximately missions from annual cement production by 3.3%, besides providin save 3.3% of cement production annually for every one tonne of crude palm oil (CPO) produced
Summary
The utilization of waste by-products in concrete has garnered positive outcomes over the past few decades in terms of the cost savings and conservation of natural resources. A past study showed that POC only lowered the concrete strength by 13%–31% compared to control specimens [14]. Introducing waste material instead of using other natural resources would be a better way to enhance the sustainability Considering this situation, POC powder was integrated into the mix proportion to replace cement at various substitution levels, which will lower the emission factor as well as provide an alternative for a proper disposal system. Incorporation of ground palm oil fuel ash (GPA) for high strength concrete production reduced the water permeability of the concrete which is about half compared to Type 1 Portland cement high strength concrete [33]. This research can elevate the sustainability of the construction industry and contribute significantly in respect to replacement binder materials
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