Utilization of mixotrophically grown microalgae Thalassiosira sp. to increase the growth and health performance of Pacific white shrimp larvae (Penaeus vannamei)

Indonesia is well known for abundant aquatic resources, both marine and freshwater, including fishes, zooplankton and phytoplanktonic microalgae. However, relatively little information is available about microalgal resources despite their potential to be used as live feed in the hatchery phase of aquaculture of a number of marine species. The use of local microalgae is desirable in local hatcheries because they tend to grow better with high yield under local conditions, thus reducing the risk of culture crash and production cost while preventing disease vectors that may introduced by foreign microalgae strains. In this dissertation, the potential of Indonesian microalgae to be used in shrimp hatcheries is investigated by isolating and growing the microalgae from Kendari Bay and Wanggu River estuary in South East (SE)-Sulawesi, Indonesia, under controlled conditions, assessing the growth of shrimp larvae using the local isolates as food and measuring the nutritional content of these local microalgal isolates. Four strains of microalgae were successfully isolated using flow cytometry and the micro-pipet isolation technique. Those strains are denoted as Kb1-2 identified as Chaetoceros sp, Kb1-3, Kb1-5 and Kb2-6 identified as Melosira cf moniliformis. Melosira cf moniliformis was excluded from the microalgal growth experiment due to its larger cell size which were >10 μm. The growth for 15 days and cell size of those strains was investigated under four different salinities, 20, 25, 30 and 35 psu and growth rates were compared to the growth of T-ISO (Tisochrysis lutea), Chaetoceros neogracile and Tetraselmis chui. Salinity did not affect the growth of Indonesian microalgae, similar to T. chui, Ti. lutea and C. neogracile, but did affect microalgal final density. Two Indonesian microalgal strains, Kb1-3 and Kb1-5, had the highest yield, among all microalgae tested, whereas, yield of Kb1-2 was similar to Ti. lutea and C. neogracile. Cell sizes of three of the four Indonesian microalgae ranged from 1.2-11.8 μm, considered a suitable size for shrimp larvae which is <20>μm The Indonesian strains may be potential for mass culture and to be used in shrimp hatcheries based upon the cell sizes, their ability to survive long culture periods and tolerate a wide salinity range. The subsequent experiment to assess the suitability of the Indonesian microalgae strains as food for hatchery-reared white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae confirmed that Indonesian microalgae may be suitable as food for white shrimp larvae, supporting performance similar to that of well-established strains in terms of weight gain, ingestion

The physiological and biological properties of skeletal muscle in crustacea have not been well understood compared with those of vertebrates. The present study focused on myosin, the major protein in skeletal muscle, from shrimps. In our previous study, two full-length genes encoding myosin heavy chain (MHC), a large subunit of the myosin molecule, were cloned from abdominal fast skeletal muscle of kuruma Marsupenaeus japonicus, black tiger Penaeus monodon and Pacific white Penaeus vannamei shrimps, and named as MHCa and MHCb. In this study, we renamed these as MHC1 and MHC2, respectively, due to the presence of various isoforms newly identified. Partial MHC sequences were identified from pleopod muscle of these shrimps. Two MHCs, named MHC3 and MHC4, were identified from pleopod muscle of kuruma shrimp, whereas two MHCs, named MHC4 and MHC5, were cloned from Pacific white shrimp pleopod. MHC3 was cloned only from black tiger shrimp pleopod. Partial MHC sequences from zoea, mysis, and postlarvae of black tiger and Pacific white shrimps were also determined. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that most MHCs from pleopod muscle and larval MHCs formed clades with MHC1 and MHC2, respectively. These MHCs were considered to be of fast type, since MHC1 and MHC2 are fast-type MHCs according to our previous study. MHC5 obtained from pleopod muscle of Pacific white shrimp in this study was monophyletic with American lobster Homarus americanus S2 slow tonic MHC previously reported, indicating that MHC5 from Pacific white shrimp is of slow type.

Aims: The white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) larvae F1 is the dream of shrimp cultivators to be cultivated in ponds. This is because F1 larvae have fast growth, especially if the larvae have disease-free certification (specific pathogen-free, SPF). The purpose of this scientific paper is to evaluate strategies for feeding phytoplankton in larval rearing to increase the survival rate of shrimp larvae F1 of white shrimp.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: This research activity was carried out from November to December 2021 at the Shrimp Hatchery Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture Technology, Pankep State Polytechnic Agriculture.&#x0D; Methodology: The nauplii were obtained from the shrimp hatchery industry and then stocked in 2 units of tanks measuring 4m x 4m x 1.5m. Before stocking, the larvae were acclimatized to temperature (28°C) and salinity (30 ppt). The larvae were fed live feed (Skeletonema costatum) from the stage of Nauplii-6 to Mysis-2. In addition, the larvae were also fed artificial feeds and Artemia nauplii. Observation of larval development was carried out at each stage using a microscope (40x), and observations of the population number of each stage were carried out volumetrically. Parasite analysis of each stage was conducted in the Makassar Fish Quarantine.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that during the stage shift from Nauplius-6 to Zoea-1, the larvae succeeded in passing the zoea syndrome (empty intestine). The population decline was only reduced by 2% (from 1,200,000 individuals decreased to 1,175,600 individuals). The final population (PL10) was 1,084,000 (SR 90%). The parasite analyses results showed that the larvae were free from any disease. Administration of phytoplankton (S. costatum ) at the early stage (Nauplius-6) at a dose of 60 x 106 cells/ml has succeeded in reducing the mortality rate (2%) in the critical stage (zoea syndrome) of F1 white shrimp larvae.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing dietary fish oil with Schizochytrium meal for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae (initial body weight 4.21 ± 0.10 mg). Six test microdiets were formulated using Schizochytrium meal to replace 0 g/kg, 250 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 750 g/kg, 1000 g/kg or 1500 g/kg fish oil DHA. No significant differences were observed in survival, growth, final body length and activities of digestive enzyme among shrimp fed different diets (p > .05). No significant differences were observed in C20:5n-3 (EPA) in muscle samples (p > .05). C18:3n-3 and C20:4n-6 in muscle increased as Schizochytrium meal replacement level increased (p < .05). No significant differences were observed in C22:6n-3 (DHA) and n-3 fatty acids among shrimp fed diets that algae meal replaced 0 g/kg - 1000 g/kg of fish oil. Shrimp fed diet R150 had higher DHA content than other groups and had higher n-3 fatty acids than that of shrimp fed diets R50, R75 and R100 (p < .05). C18:2n-6, PUFA and n-6 fatty acids in muscle increased, while n-3/n-6 ratio decreased with increasing algae meal replacement level from 0 g/kg to 1000 g/kg (p < .05). In conclusion, Schizochytrium meal could replace 1500 g/kg fish oil DHA in the microdiets without negatively affecting shrimp larvae survival, growth and activities of digestive enzyme.

Background: Alternative materials for antibiotics used in white leg shrimp farming were extensively investigated. The promising effects of plant based extracts in controlling aquaculture diseases has been reported elsewhere. This study was conducted to examine the effect of Solanum procumbens Lour. extract on survival, growth performance, innate immunity and protection against acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) in white leg shrimp. Methods: From March 2021 to September 2021, four difference diets were examined including the supplementation of S. procumbens L. extract at 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. After 30 days of culture, the experimental shrimp was examined for survival rate, growth responses, innate immune parameters and mortality as challenged with VpAHPND. Result: The results indicated shrimp fed diets with and without S. procumbens L. extract supplementation showed no significant differences in survival and growth performances. However, the innate immune parameters were likely increased in shrimp fed diets at 1.0% and 1.5% extract supplementation and shrimp fed diets at 1.0% and 1.5% extract supplementation reduced the accumulate mortality of VpAHPND challenged shrimp by 47.6%. S. procumbens L. could be a potential material for enhancing innate immunity of white leg shrimp and can protect shrimp from AHPND infection.

Influence of differential protein levels of feed on production performance and immune response of pacific white leg shrimp in a biofloc–based system

Red onion (Allium ascalonicum) bulb and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome are important crops with high economic value. The present research aimed to evaluate the application of red onion (Allium ascalonicum) extract (6, 9, 12, 15, 18 g/kg diet) combined with turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome extract (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g/kg diet) in a basal diet on growth performance, survival rate and feed utilization of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A total of 240 kg of black tiger shrimp (initial weight 150±10 g) and 240 kg of white leg shrimp (initial weight 50±5 g) were reared separately in two groups, each group including 16 indoor shrimp farming tanks (120 × 60 × 50 cm) (length × width × height) with continuous aeration. Results showed that red onion extract 12 g/kg diet or turmeric rhizome extract 8 g/kg significantly improved growth performance, survival rate and feed utilization of black tiger shrimp and white leg shrimp. In 5 different formulas in a combination of red onion and turmeric rhizome extract (7 g onion + 3 g turmeric/ kg diet, 6 g onion + 4 g turmeric/ kg diet, 5 g onion + 5 g turmeric/kg diet, 4 g onion + 6 g turmeric/ kg diet, 3 g onion + 7 g turmeric/ kg diet), we found that 6 g onion + 4 g turmeric/ kg diet resulted to the best growth performance, survival rate and feed utilization in aquaculture of these shrimps. It is suggested that red onion combined with turmeric rhizome extract would be considered an effective phyto-additive incorporated into feed during aquaculture farming.

Culture potential of the native pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and exotic Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was analyzed in extreme southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the Marine Aquaculture Station, University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State. After nursery, pink shrimp (0.16 g) and Pacific white shrimp (0.17 g) juveniles were transferred to a 450 m2 earthen pond internally divided into six circular (21 m2 each) experimental pens. Pens were randomly assigned to a treatment (pink shrimp or Pacific white shrimp) and stocked at 15 shrimp/m2. Shrimp growth was monitored during 102 days in the summer. Feed was composed of a commercial diet and a fresh frozen mixture (fish and crustacean). After 30 days of culture, Pacific white shrimp showed significantly higher increases in mean weight, reaching at-harvest weight of 12.52 g compared to 11.17 g for pink shrimp. Water quality parameters presented optimal growing conditions for both species, except for lower temperatures (19°C) during the last two weeks of culture, which resulted in a drastic decrease in the growth rate of Pacific white shrimp. These results indicated a better tolerance for lower water temperatures on the part of shrimp. Although the lower temperatures resulted in a reduced number of cycles (1 or 2 per year), the estimated yield for pink shrimp (1,451 kg/ha) and Pacific white shrimp (1,790 kg/ha) suggested that the production per cycle in extreme southern Brazil is comparable to that in the other Brazilian States. Despite the more favorable results for Pacific white shrimp, the culture of pink shrimp is also recommended, but further studies are necessary to improve its growth performance under culture.

The efficacy of mineral-amino acid complex of Zn,Mn,Cu,Fe and Se for white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , diet compare to inorganic mineral on growth performance, feed utilization and immunity was studied. The treatments were 1) the control diet with contained inorganic minerals of Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe and Se (T1-C1X). 2) treatment diet of the combination of inorganic mineral and organic mineral-amino acid complex70:30 at the same level of control diet Availa Zn, Availa Cu, AvailaMn, Availa-Fe 100and Availa-Se 1000 (T2- Inorg:org 1X) and 3) The sole mineral-amino acid complex Availa Zn, Availa Cu, AvailaMn, Availa-Fe 100 and Availa-Se 10000 at 0.5X (T3-Org 0.5X). The results indicated that there were not significantly different (P>0.05) on the growth performance, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, Protein efficiency ratio and survival rate. The immune status in term of hemocyte count were significantly increase (P<0.05) in group of shrimp fed mineral-amino acid complex than control. Drip loss of peel shrimp on 96 hr was low (P<0.05) in group of shrimp fed mineral-amino acid complex than control. Therefore, mineral-amino acid complex of Zn, Mn, Cu,Fe and Se at 0.5X (T3-Org0.5X) exhibited the same growth performance, feed utilization and survival rate as inorganic mineral (T1-C1X) and combination of inorganic and organic mineral-amino acid complex (T2- Inorg:org 1X). Hence, organic mineral-amino acid complex has the efficacy around 200% of inorganic mineral on shrimp growth performance. Keywords : mineral-amino acid complex ( AvailaZn,Mn,Cu,Fe and AvailaSe); white shrimp; growth performance; immunity; drip loss

In the hatchery of white shrimp larvae, there are some problems, such as a decreased water quality and diseases caused by bacteria which cause a decrease in shrimp growth. The solution to reduce these problems is by applying synbiotics. This research aimed to make an innovative synbiotic formula for the absolute length growth and survival rate of white shrimp larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei) as well as the total number of bacteria and the number of Vibrio sp. In this study, there were four treatments, as follows: C-: negative control (without synbiotic application) C+: positive control (commercial synbiotic) P: probiotic 2.5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 1,5 ppm Q: probiotic 5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 1 ppm R: probiotic 7,5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 0,5 ppm S: probiotic 106 cfu/ml and prebiotic 2 ppm, each treatment with four repetitions. This research was set up in a completely randomized design experiment using twenty-four plastic tanks with 50 L total volume filled with 20 L sterile sea water and stocked with 4,000 nauplii in the PT. Citra Larva Cemerlang hatchery, Kalianda, Lampung. Variables observed in this research were survival rate, absolute length growth, total bacterial and Vibrio sp. counts, and water quality in the white shrimp larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei). The results showed that the best survival rate is in treatment S (probiotic 106 cfu/ml and prebiotic 2 ppm) (87.7%), the highest absolute length growth is in treatment P (3.8 mm), the highest total bacteria was in treatment S (11.1 log cfu/ml), and the best total Vibrio sp. is in treatment S (3.5 log cfu/ml). Water quality of the six treatments shows results that are still in normal conditions following Indonesian National Standard SNI 7311: 2009.

The physiology and biochemistry of skeletal muscles in shrimps have been poorly understood compared with those from vertebrates. The present study was conducted focusing on myosin, the major protein in skeletal muscle, from adult specimens of black tiger Penaeus monodon and Pacific white Penaeus vannamei shrimps. Two genes encoding myosin heavy chain (MHC), a large subunit of the myosin molecule, were cloned from abdominal fast skeletal muscle and defined as MHCa and MHCb according to our previous study on kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. Random cloning demonstrated that the MHCb gene (MHCb) was expressed more abundantly than MHCa. The full-length cDNA clones of MHCa and MHCb from black tiger shrimp consisted of 5,926 and 5,914 bp, respectively, which encoded 1,914 and 1,909 amino acids, respectively, whereas those from Pacific white shrimp consisted of 5,923 and 5,908 bp, respectively, which encoded 1,913 and 1,909 amino acids, respectively. Both MHCa and MHCb were considered to be fast muscle type due to their strict localization in fast muscle. The amino acid identities between MHCa and MHCb of black tiger shrimp were 77%, 60%, and 73% in the regions of subfragment-1 (S1), subfragment-2 (S2) and light meromyosin (LMM), respectively, with 71% in total, whereas those of Pacific white shrimp were 78%, 60%, and 73% in the regions of S1, S2, and LMM, respectively, with 72% in total. In situ hybridization and northern blot analysis using different regions from abdominal muscle demonstrated different localizations of MHCa and MHCb transcripts in this muscle, suggesting their distinct physiological functions.

Dietary effect of apple cider vinegar and propionic acid on immune related transcriptional responses and growth performance in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Effects of dietary supplementation with tropical microfungi Mucor circinelloides and Trichoderma harzianum powder on growth performance, bacterial communities, and the biomass nutritional profile of white shrimp grow-out culture (Litopenaeus vannamei)

This paper compared antibiotic sensitivity between Vibrio spp. isolated from diseased postlarval and marketable-sized white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Recently, white leg shrimp become target species of shrimp culture among shrimp farmers in Malaysia to replace tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture. However, the baseline information on antibiogram of pathogenic bacteria especially Vibrio spp., the causative agent of vibriosis in white leg shrimp culture is not well established. Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the antibiogram of Vibrio spp. isolated from diseased postlarval and marketable-sized white leg shrimp. The information gained from this study is useful for shrimp farmers in selecting appropriate antibiotic during disease outbreak. Antibiogram of present bacterial isolates was determined through disk diffusion method against 21 antibiotics (oxolinic acid 2 μg, ampicillin 10 μg, erythromycin 15 μg, furazolidone 15 μg, lincomycin 15 μg, oleandomycin 15 μg, amoxicillin 25 μg, colistin sulphate 25 μg, sulphamethoxazole 25 μg, chloramphenicol 30 μg, doxycycline 30 μg, florfenicol 30 μg, flumequine 30 μg, kanamycin 30 μg, nalidixic acid 30 μg, novobiocin 30 μg, oxytetracycline 30 μg, tetracycline 30 μg, nitrofurantoin 50 μg, fosfomycin 50 μg, and spiramycin 100 μg). A total of 47 Vibrio spp. isolates (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 24, and V. alginolyticus, 23) from postlarval white leg shrimp and 49 Vibrio spp. isolates (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 13, Vibrio alginolyticus, 28, and luminous Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 8) from marketable-sized white leg shrimp were successfully identified. Results of antibiotic sensitivity test from the present study showed that more than 80% Vibrio spp. from diseased postlarval and marketable-sized white leg shrimp, respectively, were sensitive to 14 out of the 21 tested antibiotics. Vibrio spp. isolated from marketable-sized white leg shrimp were found more susceptible to the tested antibiotics than Vibrio spp. isolated from postlarval white leg shrimp. This was due to 100% sensitive case against eight antibiotics found among Vibrio spp. isolated from marketable-sized white leg shrimp, whereas only three antibiotics were found sensitive to all Vibrio spp. isolated from postlarval white leg shrimp. Furthermore, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index indicated that marketable-sized white leg shrimp were not under high risk exposure to the tested antibiotics. On the other hand, the postlarvae were highly exposed to the tested antibiotics.

Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) holds significant economic importance in Shrimponesia as a prominent shrimp commodity. The post-larval stage often encounters challenges, primarily due to the shrimp's limited ability to adapt and survive in a new environment. Stocking density is a crucial factor influencing the growth and production performance of vannamei shrimp culture. This study aims to assess the optimal stocking density for achieving optimal growth and survival in L. vannamei. A 40-day maintenance trial was conducted at UD Mina Rahayu Kalianda to investigate the impact of different stocking densities on water quality in the maintenance media. The study utilized containers with varying stocking densities: treatment A (1 shrimp/L), treatment B (1.5 shrimp/L), and treatment C (2 shrimp/L), each with three replications. The findings revealed survival rates (SR) of 83.33% for treatment A, 62.78% for treatment B, and 58.33% for treatment C. Mean Body Weight (MBW) values were recorded as 1.2592 g/shrimp for treatment A, 1.1216 g/shrimp for treatment B, and 0.7728 g/shrimp for treatment C. Average Daily Growth (ADG) results showed 0.0313 g/shrimp for treatment A, 0.0279 g/shrimp for treatment B, and 0.0192 g/shrimp for treatment C. Based on the study, the recommended stocking density for white vannamei shrimp is 40 shrimp/L, demonstrating improved growth and survival rates for this species.