Utilization of Coconut Shell and Coffee Grounds as Briquettes Using the Carbonization Method

The purpose of this study was to see the best quality of briquettes from the main ingredient of coconut shell wastewith various biomass additives to see the calorific value, moisture content, ash content, and volatile mattercontent of the biomass mixture. Furthermore, further research will be carried out specifically to see the quality ofbriquettes from a mixture of coconut shell waste and sawdust. The method used in this research is to conduct aliterature study of various literature related to briquettes from coconut shell waste mixed with various additivesspecifically and then look at the best quality briquettes produced from these various pieces of literature. As forwhat is determined as the control variable of this study is coconut shell waste and as an independent variable,namely coffee skin waste, rice husks, water hyacinth, Bintaro fruit, segon wood sawdust, coconut husk, durianskin, bamboo charcoal, areca nut skin, and leather waste. sago with a certain composition. Furthermore, thispaper also describes the stages of making briquettes from coconut shell waste and sawdust for further testing ofthe calorific value, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content on a laboratory scale for furtherresearch. From various literatures, it was found that the highest calorific value was obtained from a mixture ofcoconut shell waste and bamboo charcoal with a value of 7110.7288 cal / gr and the lowest calorific value wasobtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and sago shell waste with a value of 114 cal / gr, then for the valueThe highest water content was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and rice husk with a value of37.70% and the lowest water content value was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste 3.80%, then for thehighest ash content value was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and coffee skin with a value of20.862% and for the lowest ash content value obtained from a mixture of coconut shell and Bintaro fruit waste,namely 2%, and for the highest volatile matter content value obtained from a mixture of coconut shell and coconuthusk waste with a value of 33.45% and for the value of volatile matter levels The lowest was obtained from amixture of coconut shell waste and sago skin waste with a value of 33 , 45%.

The depletion of conventional energy sources has prompted the exploration of alternative energy materials, one of which is coffee grounds. Coffee grounds can be processed into briquettes, a solid fuel with high carbon content, high calorific value, and prolonged combustion duration, making them a viable alternative energy solution. This study aims to determine whether the type and proportion of binder significantly affect the briquette properties and to identify the most effective binder for briquette production. The research utilizes an experimental design with a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) consisting of two factors, with two replications. The binders used in this study are starch and arpus, with binder concentrations of 12%, 16%, and 20%. The briquettes were evaluated based on several parameters, including moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon content, calorific value, and burning rate. The results indicate that binder type (Factor A) significantly affects all tested parameters, and binder proportion (Factor B) also influences the same parameters. The best moisture content was observed in the A2B1 treatment, which used arpus as a binder with a 12% proportion, resulting in an average moisture content of 4.72%. The lowest ash content was found in the A2B3 treatment (arpus binder, 20% proportion), with an average ash content of 4.31%. The highest calorific value was recorded in the A2B1 treatment (arpus binder, 12% proportion), with an average calorific value of 6334.03 cal/g. The best burning rate was found in the A2B3 treatment (arpus binder, 20% proportion), with an average burning rate of 51.83 mg/s. These findings suggest that arpus is an effective binder for coffee ground briquettes, with optimal performance achieved at specific binder proportions depending on the desired properties.

The process of producing briquettes from coconut shells is a promising alternative for waste utilization, creating products with high economic value for small industries. Coconut shell briquettes have a relatively high calorific value and are environmentally friendly. However, the production process, particularly in making charcoal and briquettes, still requires more efficient techniques and technology. The type of furnace used significantly affects the characteristics of the charcoal briquettes produced. The results of the study indicate that both combustion methods have a significant impact on the quality of the charcoal briquettes. The open furnace made of iron material required less time compared to the closed furnace combustion method. However, the closed furnace method is safer as it prevents direct contact with fire during combustion. In the combustion tests conducted three times using a closed furnace made of drum or zinc material, the charcoal yield was approximately 20%. A combustion test using 20 kg of coconut shell material produced 7.5 kg more charcoal with the closed furnace compared to the open furnace made of iron plate material. Additionally, the smoke produced from the closed furnace was minimal but steady throughout the combustion process. When compared to the quality requirements outlined in SNI 01-6235-2000, the results showed that five parameters met the standard requirements: moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and calorific value. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that both combustion methods have their respective advantages. The selection of the appropriate method can be tailored to production needs and environmental considerations.

This study examines the characteristics of briquettes from the composition of coffee grounds, wood powder and coconut shells using adhesive variations. This study was designed using independent variables, namely variations in the composition of raw materials using samples (A, B, C) % and adhesives (10, 12, 15). The raw materials are carbonized at a temperature of 300°C. The process of making briquettes begins using charcoal crushing and uniformity of charcoal particle sizes to 40/60 mesh, charcoal mixed with tapioca flour as the adhesive material, then briquette dough is formed and molded using a pressure of 7 bars and dried in an oven at a temperature of 105°C for 2 hours. Furthermore, charcoal is characterized including 5 test parameters, namely moisture content, ash content, calorific value and combustion rate, then the best results are analyzed by Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA). The best results obtained from this study were in the form of B2 samples using a ratio of 35 : 65 for coffee grounds: coconut shells using an adhesive concentration of 12%. The moisture content value was 6.12%, the ash content was 6.21%, the burning rate was 0.192 grams/minute and the calorific value was 6067.03 cal/g. The results obtained in this study stated that the moisture content, ash content, and calorific value had met SNI 01-6235-2000. The conversion of the calorific value of 1 kg of arabica briquettes creates an electric power of 6,683 kWh/kg, so to get 1 kWh of electrical energy requires 0.142 kg.

Briquettes are a form of solid fuel that is produced using waste from the agricultural, industrial and household sectors. For example, briquettes can be produced from biomass waste such as rice straw and corn cobs, which are potential resources that can be utilized to produce bioenergy in the form of briquettes. This study aims to develop and test the characteristics of biomass briquettes in order to evaluate the quality of the biochar briquettes and the calorific value they produce. The method used in this study was experimental, in which the adhesive and the composition of the mixed ingredients were varied as independent variables to affect the quality of the briquettes, while the moisture content, ash content, burning rate,put birds, calorific value is used as the dependent variable. In this study, the results obtained for water content ≤ 5%, volatile matter ≤ 10%, calorific value ≤ 6.553 cal/g, and a burning rate of 0.17 gram/minute which is expected according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01 6235 2000, namely the water content ≤ 8%, volatille matter ≤ 10%, calorific value ≤ 5,000 cal/g. The results of this study indicate that the biomass briquettes can meet the established quality standards, with appropriate moisture, ash and volatile matter content. In addition, the resulting calorific value also reaches the desired figure, indicating the potential of biomass briquettes as an efficient alternative fuel. The combustion rates found in this study also indicate that the biomass briquettes have characteristics that allow stable and effective combustion. Thus, this research succeeded in developing and testing the characteristics of biomass briquettes as an alternative fuel. The results of this study can contribute to the development of renewable energy sources and efficient use of biomass waste, as well as promote efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of the conventional energy sector on the environment.

The industrial revolution and the improvement in living standards of developing countries have caused serious environmental problems. Energy consumption has been steadily increasing over the years due to the increasing world population. Alternative energy is energy that does not come from fossil fuels. Charcoal briquettes are an alternative fuel made mostly from biomass. Charcoal briquettes, a mixture of sawdust waste of ulin and coconut shells, are alternative energy substitutes for fossil fuels. This study aims to determine the benefits of ulin and coconut shell as renewable energy such as charcoal briquettes, as well as determine the effect of variations in the ratio and particle size of ulin charcoal and coconut shell charcoal on the quality of charcoal briquettes. The research method uses a Factorial Experiment Design with 3 repetitions for testing moisture content, volatile substance levels, ash content, and fixed carbon levels. As for testing the calorific value, 2 repetitions were carried out. The results showed charcoal briquettes with optimal results were found in A1B5 treatment (particle size 40 mesh with a ratio of 100% coconut shell particle) with a moisture content value of 5.27%, ash content of 1.37%, and a calorific value of 6998.19 cal/g. The content, ash content, and calorific value produced from the briquettes have met SNI No. 01-6235-2000 standards.

Fuel quality changes in full tree logging residue during storage in roadside slash piles in Northwestern Ontario

Process industries such as the pulp and paper industri produce solid waste (sludge) which can actually be utilized, one of which is by turning it into biobriquettes. In this research, biobriquette will be made from sludge with a mixture of black liquor and coconut shell. In this research, the raw material ratio is used as the independent variable, while the fixed variable is the drying time of the biobriquette. This research used the value of calorific, moisture content and ash content as dependent variables. This biobriquette making uses 6 variations of composition with sludge as the dominant material. The calorific value, ash content and moisture content of this biobriquette will be compared with coal. The calorific value of biobriquette with a variation of 60% sludge- 5% black liquor- 35% coconut shell (variation F) had the highest calorific value, namely 4543 cal / g. This value of 4543 cal / g is higher than the standard according to Permen ESDM No.47 / 2006, where the standard in Permen ESDM No.47 / 2006 is 4400 cal / g. For moisture content, this F variation has the lowest water content, namely 54.59%. In the F variation also, the resulting biobriquette ash content was the lowest, namely 5.74%.

Charcoal briquettes are a type of solid fuel that can be used as a complement to fossil fuels because they are made from biomass waste. The advantages of charcoal briquettes are that they have high calorific value, high density, uniform size and quality, easy to store and ship. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of charcoal composition from candlenut shells and rubber fruit shells. A simple completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments with 5 replications for testing density, moisture content, compressive strength, and 5 treatments with 3 replications for testing volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and 5 treatments with 2 replications for testing calorific value. The test results showed the following values: average density 0.52-0.66 gr/cm3, moisture content 9.52-11.23%, compressive strength 0.78-2.03 kg/cm2, volatile matter content 31.50-43.31%, ash content 6.79-15.48%, fixed carbon 29.96-52.15%, and calorific value 4,986.73-6,057.89 cal/g. The best quality charcoal briquettes were obtained from treatment A (100% candlenut shells) and the best combination was found in treatment B (75% candlenut shells and 25% rubber seed shells). The calorific value of charcoal briquettes has met the SNI No. 01-6235-2000 standard (>5,000 cal/g), except for 100% rubber fruit shell charcoal briquettes

Background Ethiopia’s energy relies mainly on biomass sources, residues of crops and animal dung collections. Over 90% of domestic energy needs in Ethiopia are met by biomass, which contributes to deforestation and climate change. This study investigates the usage of water hyacinth and country’s largely produced agricultural waste (groundnut shells) for the production of briquettes using potato peels as a binder. Methods Water hyacinth, groundnut shells, and potato peel waste were used for production of briquettes. Briquettes were prepared using three parameters; temperature (350 ℃, 450 ℃ and 550 ℃), particle size (0.5, 1 and 1.5mm) and mixing ratio (25%, 50% and 75%). Physical properties and calorific values for the developed briquettes were determined using FTIR machine and bomb calorimeter. Central composite design by the design expert was used to design the experiment, and response surface methodology was used to optimize the calorific value of the produced briquettes. Statistical analysis tool such as analysis of variance was employed to show whether the process variables were statistically significant on the response variable (P < 0.05). Results The developed briquettes had the highest calorific value, 25.52 MJ/kg. The maximum bulk density and durability of the produced briquettes were 0.553% and 97.86%, respectively. The moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon content of water hyacinth biomass were 8.14%, 68.49%, 10.3% and 13.06%, respectively. The moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon of the groundnut shells were 9.2%, 66.84%, 3.615% and 20.34%, respectively. The produced briquettes had a moisture content ranging from 8.470–11.760%, and ash content ranging from 5.850–8.750%. Temperature, particle size and mixing ratio were statistically significant on the calorific value of the briquettes (p < 0.05). The optimised briquettes have a calorific value of 24.544 MJ/kg, at a temperature, particle size and mixing ratio of 453.380℃, 0.999 mm, and 50%, respectively. Conclusion The produced briquettes had good calorific value, bulk density and durability, and were suitable for cooking and heating purposes. This revealed that agricultural wastes could be used to augment the energy sources pool to protect the environment and create social stability in the community.

Este trabalho envolveu a moldagem de briquetes com utilização de resíduos de pó borra de café e serragem de madeira de eucalipto. Os briquetes produzidos a partir de biomassa vegetal podem ser aplicados como substituintes de outros combustíveis utilizados em caldeiras de processos industriais ou até mesmo para aquecimento de residências, em regiões frias, com utilização de equipamentos mais simples. No Brasil e em muitos países uma grande quantidade de resíduos de borra de café é produzida e desperdiçada no cotidiano e em indústrias de café solúvel. A serragem de madeira também é um resíduo bastante comum no Brasil, principalmente, em algumas cidades que concentram grande número de empresas que processam madeira. Assim, a moldagem de briquetes com estes resíduos sólidos é uma oportunidade de reaproveitar os resíduos para produzir um tipo de combustível proveniente de fonte renovável, contemplando também aspectos relacionados à bioenergia e Produção Mais Limpa (P+L). Desta forma, no presente trabalho foram realizadas moldagens de briquetes utilizando o pó da borra de café e serragem de madeira em diferentes proporções destes materiais para avaliar propriedades mecânicas de compressão diametral. Também foram realizadas análises para determinar os teores de umidade, voláteis e cinzas, além da determinação do poder calorífico superior (PCS). Todas as composições de briquetes contendo serragem ocasionaram acréscimos nos valores das médias das propriedades de resistência máxima à compressão diametral e módulo de elasticidade, quando comparados aos valores destas propriedades dos briquetes moldados apenas com a borra de café. As diferentes composições de briquetes contendo serragem apresentaram valores próximos de resistência à compressão diametral. Considerando os valores do poder calorífico (PCS), todas as amostras apresentaram resultados semelhantes em comparação com a literatura. Os briquetes contendo somente borra de café na composição apresentaram resultados de teores de cinzas, voláteis e PCS similares aos das amostras contendo serragem. Porém, os briquetes contendo somente borra de café apresentaram valores inferiores de resistência máxima à compressão quando comparados a todos os outros briquetes moldados também com serragem.

The production of biomass-based briquettes from coconut shell charcoal and banana corm adhesive has been successfully carried out. This research aims to determine whether the banana corm may serve as an adhesive for briquette production from coconut shell charcoal. The concentration of banana corm utilized as adhesive is 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. For comparison analysis, this study also employed tapioca flour adhesive with the same concentration. The briquettes adhere to the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard for briquettes. The quality of briquettes is determined based on fixed carbon content and calorific value. The minimum standard calorific value and fixed carbon content are 5000 cal/g and 65%, respectively. Briquettes with a 90:10 ratio (coconut shell charcoal to banana corm adhesive ratio) had the highest calorific value of 7250 cal/g and fixed carbon content of 80.04%. In comparison, the tapioca flour adhesive provides a calorific value and fixed carbon content of 6995 cal/g and 81.09%, respectively. Furthermore, another indicator that determines briquette quality is the content of moisture, ash, and volatile matter. Briquettes with a 90:10 ratio possessed low moisture content (3.55%), ash content (6.45%), volatile matter content (9.96%), and burning rate (0.020 g/sec). This result indicates that the briquettes with a 90:10 ratio exhibit the greatest quality. Briquettes with banana corms adhesive have similar characteristics to tapioca flour, especially in terms of calorific value. As a result, the highlight of this research lies in offering banana corm, which has scientific contribution and future potential as an alternative adhesive in the briquetting process

This study investigates the production of biomass briquettes using waste coconut shell charcoal and cinnamon sawdust, bound by eco-friendly, non-edible binders: cassava peel starch, giant taro starch, and pine resin. The production process involved carbonization of coconut shells, followed by crushing, blending with sawdust, pressing, and a 12-day sun-drying period. The briquettes were tested for calorific value, density, compressive strength, and shatter resistance. The calorific values ranged from 26.07–31.60 MJ/kg, meeting the industrial standards, while densities varied between 0.83 g/cm3 and 1.14 g/cm3, ensuring compactness and efficient combustion. Among the binders, cassava peel starch provided the best bonding strength, resulting in high-density briquettes with superior durability and energy release, showing a calorific value and compressive strength of 2.11 MPa. Giant taro starch also improved durability, though with slightly lower calorific values but better bonding than pine resin. Pine resin, while contributing to high calorific values, reduced compressive strength with increased resin content, making it less suitable for high mechanical strength applications. Proximate analysis revealed that cassava peel starch-based briquettes had moisture content from 6.5% to 8.6%, volatile matter from 15.2% to 23.5%, ash content from 2.1% to 3.2%, and fixed carbon between 69% and 76.2%. Giant taro starch-based briquettes exhibited 63.2% to 75% fixed carbon, while pine resin-based briquettes had the highest fixed carbon content (66.4% to 78.3%), demonstrating the potential of non-edible adhesives for sustainable, high-performance fuel production.

According to geography and climatic conditions, Sri Lanka is blessed with several types of renewable energy resources namely biomass, hydro, solar, and wind. Among them, in 2016, biomass is the most common source of energy supply in the country and the largest use of biomass is in the domestic sector for cooking purposes. In Sri Lanka, it has been revealed that nearly 72% of industrial boilers which use biomass as fuel consumes fuel wood, 15% of paddy husk and saw dust, and 13% of coconut shells. Also overall fuel wood demand in industries has been increasing steadily in the recent past. Hence, industrial sector in Sri Lanka use fuel wood as the major source of biomass energy. Current study was conducted with the objective of evaluating fuel wood characteristics of Nataw (Xylopia parviflora) which is a wet zone lesser known species. Selected individuals were categorized in to three Diameter (DBH) classes (i) 5 cm-14.99 cm, (ii) 15 cm- 24.99 cm, (iii) 25 cm-34.99 cm. From each class, 5 individuals were measured and sample wood disk were extracted at 1.3 m height level. Moisture content, density, specific gravity, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and biomass/ash ratio were measured using standard methods. Certain characteristics including moisture content, density, specific gravity, and ash content showed no significant difference at 0.05 level among three DBH classes. Volatile matter of DBH class (iii) is significantly higher among other DBH classes. Fixed carbon content is significantly lower than other two types of DBH classes. When compared the Xylopia parviflora with Hevea brasiliensis which is a commonly used fuel wood species in biomass boilers in industry, moisture content (31.22%), ash content (1.24%) of Xylopia parviflora is lower than that of Hevea brasiliensis. Even though Calorific values of both species are very close to each other Xylopia parviflora has highest calorific value of 18.92 kJ/g which is 18.74 kJ/g in Hevea brasiliensis. Fuel Value Index (FVI) of Xylopia parviflora is 3055 and while 1122 in Hevea brasiliensis. Study finding concluded that Xylopia parviflora performs better than the Hevea brasiliensis as a fuel wood hence can be a good fuel source for biomass boilers in industries. Keywords: Rubber wood residues, Wood pellets, Energy properties, Mechanical properties

The increasing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the need for sustainable energy alternatives have accelerated research on biomass-based briquettes. This study investigates the effect of different catalyst types (6% zeolite, 6% activated carbon, and no catalyst) and binder concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) on the physicochemical properties of bio briquettes derived from a mixture of sugarcane bagasse, palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS), and rice husk. Key performance parameters analyzed include moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The lowest moisture content (2.1%) was obtained using 6% zeolite with 15% binder, while the lowest ash content (5%) was recorded using 6% activated carbon with 5% binder. In terms of energy potential, the highest calorific value (4431.42 cal/g) was achieved with 6% zeolite and 5% binder. However, none of the samples met the SNI 01-6235-2000 calorific value standard (>5000 cal/g), though all met the ESDM minimum threshold (>3500 cal/g), indicating their potential for domestic use. Statistical analysis revealed a quadratic relationship between binder concentration and both moisture and calorific value, highlighting the importance of formulation optimization. The results demonstrate that catalyst type and binder concentration play a critical role in determining the quality of bio briquettes, and a balance between low moisture, minimal ash, and high calorific value must be achieved for practical application. This study supports the development of eco-friendly and renewable solid fuels as a viable substitute for fossil fuels in household energy needs.