Uso do MS ACCESS como aplicativo para base de dados no gerenciamento de coleções: estudo de caso em museus de Paleontologia

Biological type specimens are a particular kind of voucher specimen stored in natural history collections. Their special status and practical use are discussed in relation to the description and naming of taxonomic zoological diversity. Our current system, known as Linnaean nomenclature, is governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The name of a species is fixed by its name-bearing type specimen, linking the scientific name of a species to the type specimen first designated for that species. The name-bearing type specimen is not necessarily a typical example of the species, while establishment of the boundaries of a species requires empirical taxonomic studies. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature allows for the naming of new species in the absence of preserved specimens. However, photos and DNA sequences should not function as primary type material, while new species should not be described and named without deposition of at least one type specimen in a collection. Philosophically, species are individuals, spatiotemporally restricted entities. Therefore, Linnaean species names are proper names, which do not define the taxon but serve as a label, providing an ostensive definition of a species. Paratypes have no name-bearing function but, nevertheless, are highly valued specimens in natural history collections. Paratypes should be restricted to those specimens originating from the same sample as the holotype. Diagnosis of a species taxon involves establishment of a connection between a Linnaean name and determination of the boundaries of the species. A first step in this process is the choice of an appropriate species concept. It is not the examination of holotypes and paratypes that necessarily provides the best estimate of the taxonomic boundaries of a species, but this is facilitated by a set of voucher specimens known as the hypodigm. Dissatisfaction with the present nomenclatural code led some researchers to propose emendations. Other taxonomists suggested abandoning Linnaean nomenclature and proposed the alternative PhyloCode, albeit that it relegates the naming of species taxa to the traditional nomenclatural codes.

Numerous studies analyze the interactions between plants and their pollinators in ecological communities using a network approach. However, field studies rarely record all the interactions occurring in the field. In this sense Natural History Collections (NHCs) can provide information on interactions that may have been missed by field sampling. In this study we compare a network based on field sampling with a network based on data retrieved from specimens at NHCs, and we assess the degree to which these two sources of data are complementary. For this we used data available from a bee biodiversity study conducted in Southern Argentina for the South American bee genus Corynura (Halictidae: Augochlorini). Data on the floral associations of the specimens at NHCs were retrieved from the specimens’ labels, as the name of the plant species on which a given bee was captured is often recorded for many specimens at NHCs. Although field sampling recorded an unusually high number of insect-plant interactions, it misses some unique interactions present in the NHCs networks. Some structural properties of these networks are briefly analyzed, and usefulness and limitations of using NHCs data are discussed. We conclude that the information about insect-plant interactions extracted from NHCs could complement field-based data, especially in poorly sampled communities.

BioGeomancer: Automated Georeferencing to Map the World's Biodiversity Data

Stating the Subject of the Study. The development of geoinformation systems as one of the elements of sustainable development in nature management, in particular when using forest resources, is especially relevant today. This is due to the fact that forests are the most balanced ecosystems that perform various beneficial functions for humans, and are one of the main sources of renewable energy. The introduction of GIS in nature management, especially in the field of forestry, allows to achieve key goals of sustainable development, and crucial is the development of methods for improving existing or creating new GIS is crucial. The use of modern geoinformation systems of different classes will allow to solve a number of important issues of operation and conservation of natural resources, in particular - land and forest. The study aims. The aim of the article is to develop an algorithm for the creation of a functional geoinformation system on the example of forest funds on the basis of quality processing of source cartographic materials and structuring (consolidation) of attributive data Methodology and materials. In the study are used generally recognized methods and approaches generally used in geoinformatics and data sciences. Initial data for the creation of GIS are the plans of forestry and taxation descriptions of forestry that were processed with the most famous software products: QGIS, MS Excel, MS Access, AdobePhotoshop. Study results. The study describes the algorithm for the creation of GIS lands of the forest fund, which consists of the following basic stages: obtaining initial data, digitalization and spatial attachment of cartographic materials, formation of tables with attributive data, combining spatial data with attributes, checking the functionality of the created GIS. The article pays significant attention to the features of attributive data formation and ways of their subsequent use in combination with vector layers. The algorithm presented makes it possible to create a full-fledged GIS of the forest fund, the functionality of which allows to perform various tasks for the use of forest resources, in particular when planning and organizing forestry, as well as providing support for scientific research. Scientific novelty and practical significance. Representation of effective methodology and methodological approaches to the creation of functional local geoinformation systems that take into account the specifics of forest land is carried out for the first time. The proposed algorithm for the creation of a local geoinformation system of forest funds makes it possible to receive a complete GIS, which has a wide list of types of applications: from planning and organization of economic activity to use in the educational and scientific fields.

In 1996 Smithsonian Libraries (SIL) embarked on the digitization of its collections. By 1999, a full-scale digitization center was in place and rare volumes from the natural history collections, often of high illustrative value, were the focus for the first years of the program. The resulting beautiful books made available for online display were successful to a certain extent, but it soon became clear that the data locked within the texts needed to be converted to more usable and re-purposable form via digitization methods that went beyond simple page imaging and included text conversion elements. Library staff met with researchers from the taxonomic community to understand their path to the literature and identified tools (indexes and bibliographies) used to connect to the library holdings. The traditional library metadata describing the titles, which made them easily retrievable from the shelves of libraries, was not meeting the needs of the researcher looking for more detailed and granular data within the texts. The result was to identify proper print tools that could potential assist researchers in digital form. This paper outlines the project undertaken to convert Charles Davies Sherborn’s Index Animalium into a tool to connect researchers to the library holdings: from a print index to a database to eventually a dataset.Sherborn’s microcitation of a species name and his bibliographies help bridge the gap between taxonomist and literature holdings of libraries. In 2004, SIL received funding from the Smithsonian’s Atherton Seidell Endowment to create an online version of Sherborn’s Index Animalium. The initial project was to digitize the page images and re-key the data into a simple data structure. As the project evolved, a more complex database was developed which enabled quality field searching to retrieve species names and to search the bibliography. Problems with inconsistent abbreviations and styling of his bibliographies made the parsing of the data difficult. Coinciding with the development of the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) in 2005, it became obvious there was a need to integrate the database converted Index Animalium, BHL’s scanned taxonomic literature, and taxonomic intelligence (the algorithmic identification of binomial, Latinate name-strings). The challenges of working with legacy taxonomic citation, computer matching algorithms, and making connections have brought us to today’s goal of making Sherborn available and linked to other datasets. Partnering with others to allow machine-to-machine communications the data is being examined for possible transformation into RDF markup and meeting the standards of Linked Open Data. SIL staff have partnered with Thomson Reuters and the Global Names Initiative to further enhance the Index Animalium data set. Thomson Reuters’ staff is now working on integrating the species microcitation and species name in the ION: Index to Organism Names project; Richard Pyle (The Bishop Museum) is also working on further parsing of the text. The Index Animalium collaborative project’s ultimate goal is to successful have researchers go seamlessly from the species name in either ION or the scanned pages of Index Animalium to the digitized original description in BHL - connecting taxonomic researchers to original authored species descriptions with just a click.

<em><span>Microsoft Office Access (Ms Access) is a database management system which is a Relational Database Management System. The database in Microsoft Access is a set of objects consisting of tables, queries, forms, reports. Archival system is basically to store useful various files for organizations with the specific rules so the files can be found quickly and easily. Therefore; Microsoft Office Access is an appropriate breakthrough to build archival application systems based on Microsoft Office Access. It is not only easy to be operated but also available a package of Microsoft Office program. One of the most important benefits of the database is to facilitate the access to the data. The ease of accessing the data is the implication of the order data since it is the prerequisite of a good database. The database of archiving system is an application or system design which allows the archives storage digitally. The objective of the e-archives application program using Microsoft Access is to facilitate the delivery of material practices of electronic filing (e-archives). The purposes of the scientific study are: (1) to determine the basic concept and scope of Electronic archives (e-archives), (2) To know how to use the media of electronic archives (E-archives) aided Microsoft Office Access in the learning activities for Vocational students of Office Administration program.</span></em>

The results of long-term collecting and investigation by the author of the composition of Upper Eocene gastropods from the Mandrikovka Beds in the vicinity of Dnepr (former Dnepropetrovsk) are generalized in the form of table. The mollusk assemblage from these beds exceeds in richness and preservation all other Paleogene assemblages of the former USSR. Gastropod assemblages from two main localities of the Mandrikovka Beds, the village of Mandrikovka and Rybalsky granite quarry, are compared. The collection of the Rybalsky assemblage is divided by years to examine features of their distribution in enclosing deposits. The last assemblage is richer, with the considerable prevalence of small-sized species obtained by washing in sieves. This method of collecting is the main cause of a greater diversity of this assemblage. However, large species, which only occur in one locality, are also present. The extremely rich Paleogene fauna from these strata undoubtedly needs further revision. The table contains the data on the revision of particular groups, including that performed by the author; references to published figures; comparisons with the species names in the monograph of Klucznikov (1958). The text provides comparisons with the richest Eocene assemblages.

The costs of describing the entire animal kingdom

A single species of the genus Heilipus Germar, 1824 is native to the south-eastern United States and was a pest of avocado in Florida in the mid-20th century. Two names-Heilipusapiatus (Olivier, 1807) and H.squamosus (LeConte, 1824)-have both recently been used as the valid name for this species, with H.apiatus also being recently used as the valid name for a species from French Guiana. Confusion surrounding the correct application of these names and the distribution of these species traces back to an erroneous distribution given in Olivier's 1807 description of H.apiatus and, although some authors clarified this previously, there continues to be confusion concerning the correct name. Outside of avocado-producing areas, this species was rarely collected and little was known about its biology. Recent observations on iNaturalist and BugGuide suggest the species is more widely distributed in the United States and less rare than it was previously thought to be. Heilipussquamosus (LeConte, 1824) is recognised as the valid name for the sole species of Heilipus occurring in the United States, while Heilipusapiatus (Olivier, 1807) is a very different species from French Guiana. Heilipussquamosus was previously recorded from eight States in the south-eastern United States and, after examining records from natural history collections, iNaturalist, BugGuide and literature sources, the species is newly recorded from an additional seven States: Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Though native host plants have been unconfirmed by rearing records, the evidence indicating the possible host plants in the plant family Lauraceae is reviewed.

A synthesis of the accumulated knowledge on myxomycetes recorded from the Neotropical region is presented in this paper. The biodiversity of these microorganisms in the Neotropics has been underestimated, and this paper shows that half the known species in the world have been recorded from the region. The monograph by M.L. Farr, for the series Flora Neotropica, published in 1976, has been taken as a baseline. The records produced after this date, some older obscure records, and data from recently published catalogues, monographs and other papers have been incorporated. The information is presented in a table format by species and countries. Species names are listed with synonyms that have been used in Neotropical literature and nomenclature has been updated. A comprehensive list of references by country has been included. A characteristic assemblage of myxomycetes from the Neotropics has been identified. The richness of myxobiota in different countries has been evaluated, and gaps in current information and unexplored areas have become evident from the results. Use of the compiled information to direct conservation plans, and to serve as a starting point to establish and develop future strategies for the study of myxomycetes in this area of the world, is discussed. The importance of prioritizing this research on microorganismal biodiversity, in view of accelerated habitat destruction, is stressed.

A catalog of the family Paradoxosomatidae (order Polydesmida) is presented here listing a total of 198 genera with 975 valid species. Of these, 190 genera containing 960 valid species are arranged in three subfamilies and 22 tribes following Jeekel’s 1968 classification (with one addition by Jeekel in 1983). In addition, eight genera with 15 species are currently of “uncertain tribal position.” Eighty-five of the 198 paradoxosomatid genera are monotypic. Currently, 40 trinom- inals and one variety are accepted in the family. Furthermore, there are 83 species listed as “doubtful species”. The species Porcullosoma albipes, P. castaneum, P. connectens, P. jaujense, P. mamillatum and P. muticum are listed as new combinations, assigned to the genus Ergethus. For each tribe, genus and species bibliographic citations are given, including a citation of the original description and all significant subsequent citations in chronological order. Eighty-eight generic and 120 species- level synonymies are fully referenced, and presented in table form. Geographic information for each species is based mainly on the locality of the type specimen. An index to genus and species names is included. Electronic files of all valid genera, species, with author and year, as well as all generic and species-level synonyms, as well as subspecies are available from the authors.

BackgroundPlants have been used as a primary source of medicine since ancient times and about 80% of the world’s population use herbal medicine to treat different ailments. Plant use knowledge differs in space and time and thus requires documentation to avoid its loss from one generation to another.MethodsIn order to accomplish the survey, semi-structured questionnaires were used. The data collected included names of plant species, parts used, ailments treated, growth habit, methods of preparation and mode of administration of the herbal remedies. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data in form of tables and a graph.ResultsResults showed that 50 plant species belonging to 26 families were utilized in the treatment of paediatric diseases of which Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the most common. Leaves (80%) were the most commonly used and decoctions were the main method of preparation. Twenty nine health conditions were treated out of which digestive disorders, malaria and respiratory tract infections were predominant. Herbs and shrubs were equally dominant.ConclusionHerbal remedies are an important source of treatment for paediatric diseases in Buhunga Parish. However, there is need for collaboration between herbal medicine users and scientific institutions to help in the discovery of new drugs based on indigenous knowledge. Scientists ought to explore suitable methods of preparation and dosage formulations in order to achieve the best benefits from herbal remedies.

The rainfrogs of the genus Pristimantis are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates, with outstanding reproductive modes and strategies driving their success in colonizing new habitats. The rate of Pristimantis species discovered annually has increased continuously during the last 50 years, establishing the remarkable diversity found in this genus. In this paper the specifics of publications describing new species in the group are examined, including authorship, author gender, year, language, journal, scientific collections, and other details. Detailed information on the descriptions of 591 species of Pristimantis published to date (June 2022) were analyzed and extracted. John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman are the most prolific authors, yet Latin American researchers have scaled up and continued the description processes since the 1990s. The most common language used for descriptions is English, followed by Spanish. The great majority of authors have described only one species. The largest proportion of authors who have participated in the descriptions is of Ecuadorian nationality. Ecuador is the country with the highest description rate per year (3.9% growth rate). Only 20% of the contributions have included women and only 2% have featured women as principal authors. 36.8% of the species described are in the Not Evaluated or Data Deficient categories under the IUCN global red list. The importance of enhancing the descriptions in Spanish is emphasized and the inclusion based on equal access to opportunities for female researchers in Pristimantis taxonomy is encouraged. In general, if the current trends in Pristimantis descriptions continue, in ten years, a total of 770 or more species described could be expected.

Skull morphometrics of Tragulus and Moschiola for an improved classification of tragulid collections

Under conditions of the modern education process, it is very important to fully and accurately access data of students’ productivity and attendance for development of correct approach for their education. For this purpose, teachers use a point-rating system, or PRS. Originally, this system was provided in handwritten and printed tables. For this tables, collected data was put on with a traditional method (five-rating system, ten-rating system etc.). However, with the passing of time these records became obsolete and were replaced with new convenient and accurate records, which were created in accordance with current scientific and technical progress. These are electronic databases and database management systems, or DBMS. Nowadays, there are many different varieties for creation of point-rating systems with such electronic records. These include Google forms as well as software of Microsoft Office package – MS Excel and MS Access. In this work, MS Access is discussed in detail as a relational DBMS, which can be used as a basis for development of innovational students’ productivity PRS. For development of such system, we examined basic concepts of PRS and analyzed the MS Access software functionality as well as its tools. Based on the collected data, a mathematical model for accessing of students’ productivity rating was created and was further used for PRS interpretation in MS Access DBMS. For the convenient and simple usage, there were also created several forms and reports in program.