Abstract
This study was undertaken by analyzing data from satellite image (Landsat-8 OLI) and geographical information system (GIS) to find the relationship between water parameters and water indices of spectral images. The main purpose of this research was to develop a model for the physical and chemical parameters of Gharraf stream in Iraq. The water parameters used in this study included: acidity (PH), Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S), Alkalinity(ALK), Electrical Conductivity (E.C), Calcium(Ca), Chloride (CL), Sodium (Na), Sulfate (SO4), Potassium (k), Total suspended solid (T.S.S), Total Hardness (TH).Where the samples were taken to seventeen stations with two seasons and at the same time took a satellite image on 4/FEB, 11 / MAY.GIS techniques were used in the beginning to project the coordinates of seventeen stations along the stream in Landsat-8 satellite image for extract data. Then, these data are treated in SPSS software for purpose finding correlation and regression equations. Positive strong correlations between the reflectance of the satellite image and the water parameters in 4/FEB and 11/ MAY with five stations, helped to build six regression models. These models could be used to predict these six water parameters (PH, E.c, CL, SO4, Na and K) at any point along the stream in Iraq from the satellite image directly.
Highlights
Gharraf stream is a necessary resource in thi qar city, especially for drinking and irrigation use.An increase of anthropogenic activities especially in the surrounding area near stream has effects to water bodies, where consider one of the most significant environmental issues in many areas of the world
The stream water quality monitoring program is needed in order to raise sensibility of the public by address the consequences of present and future threats of contamination[1].the method in situ measurements of water quality characteristics is ordinarily limited, especially in spatial and temporal range, because of the high cost of data collection and laboratory analysis[2].in recent decades, the advent of increasingly efficient for satellite image analyses and geographical information system are significant tools to monitor and predict water quality parameters for rivers and stream[3].spectral indices are combinations of surface reflectance at two or more wavelengths[4]
Spectral indices are combinations of surface reflectance at two or more wavelengths. These indices were used in the present study: normalised -difference water index, modification of normalised difference water index, normalised difference moisture index, water ratio index and automated water extraction index, where these spectra were extracted from the image
Summary
Gharraf stream is a necessary resource in thi qar city, especially for drinking and irrigation use. The stream water quality monitoring program is needed in order to raise sensibility of the public by address the consequences of present and future threats of contamination[1].the method in situ measurements of water quality characteristics is ordinarily limited, especially in spatial and temporal range, because of the high cost of data collection and laboratory analysis[2].in recent decades, the advent of increasingly efficient for satellite image (landsat-8 oli) analyses and geographical information system (gis) are significant tools to monitor and predict water quality parameters for rivers and stream[3].spectral indices are combinations of surface reflectance at two or more wavelengths[4]. These indices were used in the present study: normalised -difference water index (ndwi), modification of normalised difference water index (mndwi), normalised difference moisture index (ndmi), water ratio index (wri) and automated water extraction index (awei), where these spectra were extracted from the image
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