Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*

This article presents a comparative analysis of some of the legal aspects of contracts for electronic commerce in Brazil. The article studies the theoretical bases of the legal systems that have influenced Brazilian contract law. The first part analyses the formation of contracts under the terms of the civil code. The second part looks at contracts under consumer law. The article applies the concepts of Brazilian contract law to the specifics of the regulation of electronic contracts, and addresses the regulation of electronic contracts in Brazil from historical and comparative perspectives. We will demonstrate how legal concepts pertaining to private contracts have evolved in Brazil, from the classical theory to the present. As Brazilian law was highly influenced by both German and French law in the 19th century, we will give a brief comparative analysis of the influence of both legal systems on the regulation of private contract law in Brazil. Finally, the article looks at aspects related to offer and acceptance of electronic contracts, the place of contract and the consumer's right to cancel a contract.

Arbitration is the oldest institute used by society as a means of resolving conflicts. In Brazilian law, arbitration has already been provided for in Philippine Ordinances since the period of colonization. Despite being provided for in legal standards, arbitration only underwent significant regulation in 1996 with the publication of Law nº 9.307/1996, which represented a major advance at that time. However, new improvements occurred with the sanction of Law nº 13.129/2015, which implemented, among other improvements, the use of arbitration in direct and indirect public administration. The changes to the aforementioned law brought great advances, expanding its applicability to various activities or matters, which provided Brazilian society with more options for quickly resolving conflicts. In this context, through bibliographical and documentary research, the objective of this paper is to present the main bills that expand the use of arbitration, and thus demonstrate the need to update Brazilian arbitration law, which could become one of the most modern of the world. The bills in progress expand the use of the arbitration institute to the most diverse activities, from private law to public law, including conflicts related to family law, consumer law and tax relations. Therefore, the approval of these projects by the National Congress is urgent, as Brazilian society needs alternative means to resolve the most varied controversies.

Consumer law in Brazil employs a clear layout of principles. The principle of vulnerability, which underlies Article 4 (I) of the Consumer Defence Code as further explained, is the cornerstone of consumer law. In particular, if the courts have not considered the principle of vulnerability on consumer matters, the rights of individuals in many important aspects would have been lost. Consumer Law absorbs and intertwines tourism issues. Whlist Consumer Law is a clear field of law, Tourism Law is a sub-set of Consumer Law rather than a separate field of law.

This paper analyses the influence of European Law on Brazilian Consumer Law. It starts by describing the general features of Brazilian Consumer Protection law, including the constitutional dimension of consumer protection, and the introduction of the Brazilian Consumer Protection and Defence Code (CDC). It also highlights product liability, product safety, and product warranties. Some of these topics are illustrated by the case of the telecommunications sector.

O livro A responsabilidade civil do fornecedor de produtos pelos riscos de desenvolvimento tem por base a dissertacao de mestrado do professor Marcelo Junqueira Calixto apresentada em 2003. Doutor em Direito pela UERJ, o autor leciona na Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro. Em sua obra, ele realiza uma analise profunda da responsabilidade civil do fornecedor de produtos pelos riscos de desenvolvimento e proporciona uma perspectiva geral sobre o tema, pontuando detalhadamente as questoes que envolvem a problematica na doutrina brasileira. A obra encontra-se estruturada em quatro capitulos. Primeiramente, a sociedade de consumo e caracterizada e a vulnerabilidade destacada como fundamento da necessidade de defesa do consumidor. Afirma-se, igualmente, que as normas do Codigo de Defesa do Consumidor sempre serao condicionadas pela incidencia de principios e valores constitucionais, reconhecendo, simultaneamente, a ausencia de hierarquia entre os principios da ordem economica e a vinculacao de particulares a eficacia horizontal dos direitos fundamentais. Nelise Dias Vieira INTERPRETACAO CONSTITUCIONAL DOS RISCOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO NO DIREITO DO CONSUMIDOR BRASILEIRO: VISOES JURIDICAS NACIONAL E INTERNACIONAL

O objetivo básico deste trabalho é inserir alguns problemas do Direito Bancário num contexto de aperfeiçoamento e transição, como fatores de crise. A abordagem principal propugna pelo exame de alguns aspectos centrais do Direito contratual brasileiro e suas transformações, da relação Banco/cliente, os papéis assumidos e o fenômeno contratual envolvido nas práticas e operações bancárias. Do mesmo modo, o poder institucional do Banco é revelado em sua capacidade de criar normas e desenvolver contratos complexos. Finalmente, verifica-se a questão da proteção do consumidor dentro do Direito Bancário e propõe-se uma nova alocação dos contratos através da utilização de princípios existentes na sistemática brasileira da defesa do consumidor. Assim, será possível obter a construção de uma análise panorâmica sobre alguns enfoques elementares revelados pelo Direito Bancário no início do século XXI.

The observation is Robert F. Samuelson’s, in his text The Spirit of Capitalism: to the author, it was not Christianity or Islam the religion that prevailed in the last century but the ideal of economic growth.

As many other legal systems, Brazilian law is not strictly attached to the “pact sunt servanda” anymore. There has been a significant mitigation of the binding force of contracts in the last 20 or 30 years. The Brazilian Consumer Code (1990) and the Brazilian Civil Code (2002) provides for different remedies that might be used in case of unpredictable events that cause severe change to the contractual balance. This brief article examines such remedies and how Brazilian Courts have been using them in connection with financial crises, both in national and international levels.

A análise do ensino universitário demonstra a necessidade da melhoria da docência. No curso do Direito há ênfase no tecnicismo devido ao forte caráter liberal dos juízes, promotores e advogados em condição de professor, com ausência de identidade docente. Utilizando-se a metodologia da revisão sistemática em dissertações e teses produzidas em programas de pós-graduação em Educação e Direito no Brasil, sem limitador de tempo, buscou-se trabalhos vinculados ao tema da formação docente. De um total de 79 trabalhos encontrados nos bancos de teses da Capes, concluiu-se a leitura de seis trabalhos de nove inicialmente selecionados. Três categorias foram recorrentes: ausência de formação pedagógica, necessidade de formação continuada e identidade docente. Conclui-se que a formação do docente de Direito se baseia na cultura geral, em conhecimentos adquiridos na faculdade e nas experiências docentes e pessoais. Criar ações podem melhorar o processo de formação do docente universitário. Os dados mostram que os docentes da área acreditam em formação continuada de caráter pedagógico, o que facilitaria a relação professor-aluno em todos os aspectos.

Enforcing Consumer and Capital Markets Law in Brazil

Studies on procedural law: procedural due process of law, systems of proof evaluation, the concept of sentence (final judgment) in the Brazilian law, the role of formal requirements in the admission of the bill of review.

The present study aims to clarify several notions related to group of companies in Brazilian Law, analyzing the peculiarities of different legal sectors dealing with this matter such as tax, consumer, labor and environmental law. This report also notes how general rules on groups and corporate control are taken into account effects some issues such as corporate legal entity, conflicts of interests, creditors and third parties protection, parent and subsidiaries duties and liabilities, insolvency, and disregard of legal entity. The main objective is to enlighten students, lawyers, and all other law operators from different jurisdictions how the concept of Group of Companies works under the Brazilian legal system.

This article outlines the main features of relational contracts, and argues for their importance in modern service-oriented societies. It then examines the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code, suggesting that it opens up prospects for the legal acknowledgement of relational characteristics of contracts in general and of consumer contracts in particular. The article also examines the impact of the Code on private pension fund contracts and banking contracts. Finally, the article discusses the importance for consumers of the duty to inform in the context of market defects, and the extent to which the duty to inform is advanced in the Brazilian Code.

This article outlines the main features of relational contracts, and argues for their importance in modern service-oriented societies. It then examines the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code, suggesting that it opens up prospects for the legal acknowledgement of relational characteristics of contracts in general and of consumer contracts in particular. The article also examines the impact of the Code on private pension fund contracts and banking contracts. Finally, the article discusses the importance for consumers of the duty to inform in the context of market defects, and the extent to which the duty to inform is advanced in the Brazilian Code.

Electronic fraud related to online contracts is a threat to both consumers and e-businesses. This article addresses e-frauds under the perspective of the enforcement of consumer protection laws in Brazil. It reviews the principles of the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code and analyses the application of some consumer's rights in cyberspace. It analyses some domestic and international consumer electronic transaction cases and the effects of the inversion of the burden of proof in favour of consumers. It suggests that credit card holders should be required to issue a specific authorisation for use in cyberspace.