Use of Vernier caliper to measure diameter and anastomotic index of end-to-end jejunojejunostomy in horses.

Background: The foramen magnum (FM) serves as a critical anatomical conduit between the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, transmitting vital neurovascular structures. Its morphometric characteristics hold significant implications across multiple disciplines, including neurosurgery, forensic anthropology, and evolutionary biology. Despite numerous studies on basic dimensions, comprehensive analyses incorporating multiple parameters remain limited. The present study aimed to conduct a detailed morphometric analysis of the FM using Vernier calipers, measuring and correlating multiple parameters (anteroposterior [AP] diameter, transverse [TV] diameter, area, circumference, and shape index [SI]). In addition, we investigated sexual dimorphism in FM dimensions and classified FM shapes to analyze their distribution. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 100 dry skulls (60 male and 40 female) was conducted. Precise measurements were obtained using Vernier calipers (0.01 mm precision) and flexible tape. Parameters included AP diameter (basion–opisthion), TV diameter (maximum width), area (π × AP/2 × TV/2), circumference, and SI (TV/AP × 100). Statistical analysis employed SPSS V25 (mean ± standard deviation, Pearson correlation, t -tests; P < 0.05 significant). Results: In the present study, the mean foramen magnum dimensions were as follows: anteroposterior diameter (AP) = 34.8 ± 2.3 mm, transverse diameter (TV) = 29.5 ± 1.9 mm, area = 823.6 ± 45.2 mm², and circumference = 112.4 ± 6.8 mm. A strong positive correlation was observed between AP and TV ( r = 0.72, P < 0.001). Sexual dimorphism was significant ( P < 0.05) for all parameters except the shape index (SI). The most common shape was oval (65%), followed by round (20%) and irregular (15%). Conclusion: The study provides comprehensive morphometric data demonstrating consistent dimensional relationships through strong parameter correlations, significant sexual dimorphism with larger male dimensions, and predominant oval morphology with notable variability. The findings of the present study enhance understanding of FM anatomy with applications in surgical planning, forensic identification, and anthropological research.

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Poly(oligo-D-arginine) With Internal Disulfide Linkages as a Cytoplasm-sensitive Carrier for siRNA Delivery

Introduction: Foramen magnum is a large opening located in the occipital bone of the skull. The morphometric analysis of foramen magnum is clinically and surgically important because vital structures passing through it may suffer compression such as in cases of achondroplasia, brain herniation and meningiomas. Objectives: To study morphometric analysis of foramen magnum in dry human skulls and to measure its anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter and foramen magnum index. Material & Methods: 100 dried human skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Rama Medical College and GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Deformed samples were excluded. Different parameters were measured with the help of Vernier caliper. Results: The mean antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum was 33.79mm. The maximum antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum was 40mm and minimum antero-posterior diameter was 28.2mm.The mean transverse diameter of foramen magnum was 28.30mm.The maximum transverse diameter of foramen magnum was 36mm and minimum transverse diameter was 21.5mm.The mean index of foramen magnum was 84.14mm. Conclusion: The morphometric analysis of foramen magnum and its variation is important not only for anatomists but also important to the anesthetists, neurosurgeons, orthopedicians and radiologists ; while planning and performing cranio-vertebral junction procedures.

Liver size is related to body surface area. The present study was conducted to assess liver size and to find its relationship with body parameters. Also, the external surface of liver was studied for presence of fissures, which may demarcate the vascular segments and the blood vessels beneath them and may help the surgeon for resection of liver segment. Apparently normal liver specimens were obtained from 50 cadavers aged 19-65 years. Measurements of liver diameters were taken with the help of Vernier Calipers. Volume of liver was taken by water displacement method. Means and standard deviation of data were calculated and liver dimensions were co-related with body parameters. The mean maximum transverse diameter was 199.4 + 24.5 mm and maximum vertical diameter was 149.5 + 18.7 mm. Significant correlations were observed between Maximum anteroposterior diameter and body mass index (p < 0.05);Vertical diameter at falciform ligament and body weight (p < 0.01);Highly significant correlation was seen between liver volume and body surface area (P < 0.001). The fissures showed underlying veins draining into the inferior vena cava in 40% cases. A significant increase in the body parameters with a corresponding increase in the liver dimensions was found. Study of morphology of liver can help the surgeons to dissect in proper planes to make the resection safe. The surface of liver showed 1-3 fissures distributed on all lobes in 70% specimens demarcating the vascular segments, which may help the surgeon during resection of liver.