Abstract
Sponge iron (SI) can serve as an indirect electron donor to provide Fe(II) for the nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation (NDFO) process, producing OH– and magnetite. The SI–NDFO system mainly uses Fe(OH)2 as an electron donor, achieving a TN reduction rate of 0.42 mg–TN/(gVSS·h) for a period of at least 90 days. The enrichment of iron-oxidizing bacteria and the competition of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis for reaction sites on the surface of SI are the main reasons for the improvement of total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE). With an influent NO3––N concentration of 50 mg/L and a SI concentration of 50 g/L (at pH 5.0 and 30 °C), the TNRE reached a maximum level of 38.28%. In addition, reducing the pH environment was found to improve the denitrification efficiency of the SI–NDFO system, although denitrification stability was also reduced as a result. Overall, the SI-mediated NDFO process is a promising technique.
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