Abstract
Fly ash (FA) has been an important ingredient for engineered cementitious composite (ECC) with excellent tensile strain capacity and multiple cracking. Unfortunately, the frost resistance of ECC with high‐volume FA has always been a problem. This paper discusses the influence of silica fume (SF) and ground‐granulated blast‐furnace slag (GGBS) on the frost resistance of ECC with high volume of FA. Four ECC mixtures, ECC (50% FA), ECC (70% FA), ECC (30% FA + 40% SL), and ECC (65% FA + 5% SF), are evaluated by freezing‐thawing cycles up to 200 cycles in tap water and sodium chloride solution. The result shows the relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss of ECC in sodium chloride solution by freeze‐thaw cycles are larger than those in tap water by freeze‐thaw cycles. Moreover, the relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss of ECC by freeze‐thaw cycles increase with FA content increasing. However, the ECC (30% FA + 40% SL) shows a lower relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss, but its deflection upon four‐point bending test is relatively smaller before and after freeze‐thaw cycles. By contrast, the ECC (65% FA + 5% SF) exhibits a significant deflection increase with higher first cracking load, and the toughness increases sharply after freeze‐thaw cycles, meaning ECC has good toughness property.
Highlights
In recent years, the development of high-performance cementitious (HPC) materials, including high-strength concretes with low water-cementitious materials ratio, and high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious (HPFRC) composites has remarkable advancement
According to global sustainable development, green high-performance cementitious (GHPC) material is developed in the past years [1,2,3]
Zhang and Li [29] investigated the durability of the concrete composite, with polypropylene fiber, containing fly ash and silica fume, the replacement level of fly ash was merely 15%, by weight of total cementitious material
Summary
The development of high-performance cementitious (HPC) materials, including high-strength concretes with low water-cementitious materials ratio, and high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious (HPFRC) composites has remarkable advancement. It is necessary to study the frost resistance of ECC with highvolume fly ash exposed to tap water and sodium chloride solution under freezing-thawing cycles. E test results by Mustafa et al [24] showed the reduction of residual, physical, and mechanical properties with increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles is relatively more for ECC mixture with 70 wt.% FA than for ECC mixture with 55 wt.% FA, by weight of total cementitious material. To the best of our knowledge, the attempts on the frost resistance improvement of ECC with high volume of fly ash by the binary supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have been lacking. Zhang and Li [29] investigated the durability of the concrete composite, with polypropylene fiber, containing fly ash and silica fume, the replacement level of fly ash was merely 15%, by weight of total cementitious material. The fourpoint bending test after various freezing-thawing cycles was examined as well
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