Abstract
MODIS images during the year 2012 were used for modelling of the radiation and energy balance components with the application of the SAFER algorithm (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) in the Brazilian Pantanal area. Pixels from the main sub-regions of Barão de Melgaço (BR), Paiaguás (PA) and Nhecolândia (NH) were extracted in order to process microclimatic comparisons. In general, the net radiation (Rn) relied much more on the global solar radiation (RG) levels than on water conditions and ecosystem types, in accordance with the low Rn standard deviation values. The fraction of the available energy used as latent heat flux (λE) were, on average, 65, 50 and 49% for the BR, PA and NH sub-regions, respectively. Horizontal heat advection, identified by the negative values of sensible heat flux (H), made several pixels with λE values higher than those for Rn in the middle of the year. Taking the evaporative fraction (Ef) as a surface moisture indicator, the Tree-Lined Savanna (TLS) was considered the moister ecosystem class, with 58% of the available energy being used as λE, while the driest one was the modified ecosystem Anthropogenic Changes (AC), presenting a λE/Rn fraction of 0.46. According to the spatial and temporal consistencies, and after comparisons with other previous point and large-scale studies, the SAFER algorithm proved to have sensibility to quantify and compare the large-scale radiation and energy balance components in the different ecosystems of the Brazilian Pantanal. The algorithm is useful for monitoring the energy exchange dynamics among the different terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem types throughout the seasons of the year.
Highlights
IntroductionGrowing populations have converted large wetland areas to cropland in order to satisfy the increasing demand of food production [2]
Wetlands cover 6% of the Earth’s land surface and have been noted for their ecologic importance [1].Growing populations have converted large wetland areas to cropland in order to satisfy the increasing demand of food production [2]
States, the agro-meteorological stations used from the National Meteorological Institute (INMET) and the ecosystems inside the Barão de Melgaço (BR), Nhecolândia (NH) and Paiaguás (PA) sub-regions classifyed according to Embrapa Pantanal, SOS Pantanal Institute, WWF-Brazil [5]
Summary
Growing populations have converted large wetland areas to cropland in order to satisfy the increasing demand of food production [2]. These land use changes have a large impact on hydrologic processes, affecting the energy and water balances [3]. The Brazilian Pantanal is one of the largest continuous wetlands on the Earth. Its area is approximately 160,000 km, with 65% and 35% of its territory located in the Mato Grosso do Sul and. Mato Grosso Brazilian states, respectively [4]. Due to the low slope in the North-South and East-West direction, the water flowing in the headwaters takes four months or more to cross the whole Pantanal [5]
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