Abstract
PurposeNormative scores (norms) allow for comparisons between population(s) of interest and the general population, which is useful for burden of disease studies and cost-effectiveness analysis. The primary aim of this study was to estimate US visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) and utility-based norms for the EQ-5D-5L using the face-to-face sample. The secondary aim was to compare norms estimated in the face-to-face and online populations.MethodsThis study estimated population norms from two general population surveys: (a) face-to-face and (b) online. In these surveys, respondents provided their health state using the EQ-5D-5L health classifier and the EQ VAS. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval, and median for the 5L utility and EQ VAS were estimated for each sample and across relevant respondent characteristics to serve as the basis for US EQ-5D-5L normsResultsFace-to-face sample respondents (n = 1134) were representative of the US adult general population. In this sample, mean (SD) utility decreased with increasing age until age 45 or greater (age 45–54: 0.816 (0.249) age 55–64: 0.815 (0.243) age 65–74: 0.824 (0.217) age 75 + : 0.811 (0.218)). With increasing age, more problems were reported on all dimensions except anxiety/depression; a smaller proportion of respondents age 65 and older reported problems with anxiety/depression (23.8%) as compared to the youngest respondents (42.1%). Online (n = 2018) mean utility and EQ VAS values were consistently lower than the face-to-face sample.ConclusionsThe availability of US EQ-5D-5L norms facilitates interpretation and understanding of general population and patient health.
Highlights
The EQ-5D is the most widely used generic multi-attribute utility instrument in the world, and it has numerous applications in health care [1]
The primary aim of this study was to estimate EQ-5D-5L estimate US visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) and index-based norms for the US general population using the data from the US valuation face-to-face study
We reported age and gender-based norms for the EQ-5D-5L in the US general population
Summary
The EQ-5D is the most widely used generic multi-attribute utility instrument in the world, and it has numerous applications in health care [1] It is applied in a variety of research and clinical practice settings, such as clinical trials, costutility analysis (CUA), patient surveillance, and population health measurement [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The EQ5D-5L can provide two summary scores of health that can inform decision-making: the patient’s self-rating of health on the EQ VAS, and an index-based utility score The latter is used to facilitate the generation of a common metric of health in the form of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in CUA that can inform resource allocation across health care sectors
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