US-China AI Competition in the Arab Gulf: Diverging Uses of Technological Statecraft on the Regional Level

This research article examines the transformation of India’s foreign policy, particularly the policy of de-hyphenation in this emerging multipolar world order. In the post-Cold War period, the global power dynamics shifted significantly. The global order has moved away from a unipolar world dominated by a single superpower, namely the United States of America (USA), towards a more complex and diverse landscape of multi-polar world order. The beginning of the third decade of the 21st century has been marked by significant events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Palestine escalation, and the multiple conflicts between the United States and China in various fields. Moreover, the emergence of new alliance systems such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), BRICS, QUAD, I2U2 and more are contributing further to global power politics. In 2014, a political leadership shift occurred in India, which subsequently led to a paradigm shift in its foreign policy approach. India has adopted various strategic initiatives to navigate this new global power structure, including Panchamrit, multi-alignment, strategic autonomy, and more. However, in this new global order, the East and West are divided on various issues, which has also been reflected in the new alliance mechanisms. In contrast, India has been able to make a strategic position in both East and West by being part of both alliances. In summary, this research paper comprehensively examines India’s policy of de-hyphenation in the emerging multipolar world order. Keywords De­hyphenation, Multi Polarity, Global order, Multi­alignment, Strategic autonomy, Panchamrit

The brave new world of artificial intelligence: dawn of a new era

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a transformative technology that can significantly improve business resilience. Using AI, businesses can address environmental, social, and economic challenges by optimizing operations, reducing environmental impact, and promoting social and economic sustainability. In today’s environment, AI integration opens up unique opportunities challenges, to address ensuring sustainability business management prosperity. Artificial intelligence (AI) stands as a pivotal force in advancing sustainable business practices across environmental, social, and economic realms. Through AI's capabilities, businesses can pioneer novel strategies to maximize resource efficiency, curb environmental footprints, foster social equity, and bolster economic resilience. By harnessing AI technologies, organizations can streamline operations, refine decision making processes, and cultivate deeper engagement with stakeholders, thereby bolstering their commitment to sustainable business development. In this view, the chapter highlights AI's transformative potential in navigating the complexities of dynamic global aspects, promoting enduring sustainability and strategic growth in business operations. This chapter delves into environmental, social, and economic business sustainable practices through AI. And also, chapter throws light on disruptive innovation using AI and examples of AI driven sustainable business innovations

Getting AI Right: Introductory Notes on AI & Society

The article is devoted to a topical and important topic – the activities of the UN in the formation of modern doctrinal foundations of international legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the military sphere. The author notes that the UN has approached the consideration of issues of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the civilian and military spheres already having certain developments and understanding that artificial intelligence, as a technology, can be used both «for the good» of humanity and «for evil», which actually characterizes them as dual-use technologies and, at the same time, not as «super-technologies» of a new round of scientific and technological progress, but as another step on the path of development of information and communication technologies in the system of the Global Information Society. With the adoption by the UN General Assembly of the resolution “Artificial intelligence in the military domain and its implications for international peace and security” [1], the foundations for the development of international legal regulation of relations in the field of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the military sphere were laid, and general approaches to the opportunities, risks and consequences for international peace and security were taken into account. The UN position, taking into account previous scientific and practical developments, was to determine, at the initial stage of the formation of international legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the military sphere, the most principled positions on issues, in particular a) the application of international law, b) a comprehensive approach to the use of these technologies, c) the consequences of the use of artificial intelligence in the military sphere for international peace and security, d) the “responsible use” of artificial intelligence in the military sphere. The author emphasizes that the resolution is an act of soft law and, mainly, provides a vision of the use of military artificial intelligence by the participating states. Further formation of doctrinal provisions of international legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the military sphere within the UN framework is based on positions based on the following: (1) opportunities, (2) risks and (3) potential consequences of the use of artificial intelligence for international peace and security.

Artificial intelligence and sexual health in the USA

The present study investigates the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the future trajectory of human civilization. It focuses on topics such as super-exponential growth, the potential emergence of a galactic civilization, and the associated "doom" hazards. A significant advancement in machine intelligence with human-like consciousness, strong artificial intelligence (AI), also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), creates new opportunities and capacities. There's growing anxiety about the risk that weak AI will eventually become strong AI. Every year, new transformer models that are more like human interactions are being created, and we have already witnessed some indications of AGI. It is anticipated that AI will reach a "singularity" and advance on its own without assistance from humans. This thesis explores the theoretical and practical foundations, model building blocks, development processes, challenges, and ethical issues surrounding the creation of Consciousness AI (AGI). This paper examines the meaning of the term "technological singularity," the various types of singularities that have no point of return idea, the philosophical risks associated with the development of AI, and the implications of AI singularity for monetary theory and the new economic order. As a new perspective on the deployment of ethical AI in the face of tremendous technological advancements, the study not only contributes to the theoretical discourse but also explores the possible practical implications of AI on our shared future. Several obstacles to AI advancement are covered in the paper, along with prospective directions for future research.

Scholars and practitioners of international relations (IR) are paying special attention to three significant ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) and big data (BD) are transforming IR, against a background of earlier debates among IR scholars about the effect of technology on the field. First, AI and BD have emerged as arenas of interstate, mostly great power competition. In this context, scholars suggest, AI and BD are important because an effective use of AI and BD adds significantly to military and economic power. The current competition in these fields, between the United States and the People’s Republic of China, brought scholars to highlight at least four ways in which AI and BD are important: (a) Automating decisions about the use of nuclear force could affect nuclear stability, but scholars still cannot agree in what direction; (b) The central role played by the private sector. This, as opposed to the Cold War era, when the state played the leading role in the development of technology ; (c) the gap between the current two great powers in these technologies is narrow, in contrast to the significant gap in favor of the United States during the Cold War; and (d) the wave of new technologies, including AI, makes weapons systems cheaper and more available for smaller powers and political entities, thus offering a possible curb on the dominance of great powers. Second, AI and BD are expected to affect national decision-making in the areas of foreign and security policies. Here, scholars highlight three possible transformations: (a) AI will allow states a path for better decision-making on security and foreign policy matters, through the optimization and speeding of existing policy processes; (b) the technology will omit some of the human shortcomings in decision-making, further optimizing the policy process; and (c) AI will be able to offer predictions about policies of other actors in the international system and create effective simulations to help manage crises. Finally, the inclusion of AI and BD in weapons systems, most notably the development of lethal autonomous weapons systems, brings the promise (or horror) of greater efficiency and lethality but also raises significant ethical questions. AI and BD are also affecting other arenas of interstate conflict including the cyber domain and information warfare.

The article draws attention to the fact that already at the initial stage of the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), experts raise the problem of protection against potential threats that AI can create. The United States is taking the initiative to attract leading AI developers to cooperate in the interests of a preventive response to potential threats. At the same time, there is no common understanding not only of the essence of artificial intelligence, but also of intelligence. It is shown that the existing definitions of the concept of “intelligence” allow us to assert that intelligence is inherent in any living organism. It is shown that intelligence necessarily includes all components of the management process, including decision making. But it is noted that only man has acquired the ability to create new forms and methods of exchanging information, which allows us to consider intelligence a quality inherent only to man. On this basis, a definition of the term “artificial intelligence” is proposed. The existing views on three variants of AI in the United States and their classification according to the level of autonomy, including in the military sphere, are considered. Differences in approaches with the Russian side were noted. The need for the priority development of preventive measures to protect against potential threats for systems that have only certain AI properties is substantiated.

Updating Neoclassical Realism:A New Angle on Global Power Projection Alexander Korolev (bio) From the vantage point of the international relations discipline, James Reilly's Orchestration: China's Economic Statecraft Across Asia and Europe and Kathryn Stoner's Russia Resurrected: Its Power and Purpose in a New Global Order are important books that contribute to the field both empirically and theoretically. Each book makes a unique contribution to its field of focus. Taken together, however, their respective contributions are magnified as they send an overarching message that challenges our assessments of global politics as well as the structure of the contemporary international system. Empirically, the books explore global power projection by China and Russia and successfully debunk some deeply entrenched myths surrounding the assessments of the two countries' impact on the global order. Specifically, Reilly's analysis reveals that China does not—and is not likely to, as some might worry—"rule the world" any time soon. Economic diplomacy is naturally the main aspect of China's rise, and yet Beijing has not been fully successful in turning its economic strengths into tangible strategic results. Beijing's strategy of economic statecraft through expanding trade, aid, investment, and infrastructure projects in target countries largely leaves Chinese leaders unable to realize their political goals. Moreover, China's economic statecraft often exacerbates anxieties and distrust across the four different regions covered in the book: Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, North Korea, and Myanmar. For example, Beijing's major goals of securing market economy status, ending Europe's arms embargo, dissuading Pyongyang from pursuing nuclear weapons, and fostering a friendly image in Myanmar remain unachieved, despite decades-long efforts in the economic realm. Not only does China's deepening economic presence fail to wrest significant policy concessions, especially from the leaders of wealthy, stable democracies, but in fact it appears damaging for Beijing's diplomatic objectives (Reilly, p. 169). And since Beijing is unlikely to veer from its current, not spectacularly effective approach to economic statecraft, its capacity to project power overseas will remain limited and [End Page 227] one-dimensional, not showing any strong signs of impending global political dominance by China. While Reilly, by showing the limits of China's global power projection, adds a sobering note to what at times appear inflated assessments of China's global geopolitical clout, Stoner presents a compelling wake-up call to those who might be dismissing Russia as an insignificant regional actor in decline. Russia Resurrected introduces an innovative multidimensional understanding of power that goes beyond the traditional means of "men, military, and money" (Stoner, p. 27) and includes geographic domain and policy scope and weight associated with a country's external behavior as important metrics. Examining Russia's power in this way, Stoner demonstrates that, contrary to popular assessments, Russia is "good enough" not only to meddle in the affairs of its immediate geopolitical environment but also to dramatically alter the global balance of power (Stoner, p. 4). According to Stoner, Russia has not been declining since the end of the Cold War; rather, the country has been resurrecting itself while showing resilience to exogenous shocks, and using its power (hard, soft, and sharp) instrumentally to secure important economic and geopolitical benefits necessary for sustaining Vladimir Putin's autocratic political regime. Though domestic challenges are significant, Russia appears capable of challenging the global dominance of the still most powerful country—the United States. Thus, the empirical message generated by the two books is critical for our understanding of global politics and the trends of global power transition. Paraphrasing Stoner, who argues that Russia is "neither as weak as we think, nor as strong as its leadership would like it to be viewed" (Stoner, p. 28), one way to summarize the critical takeaway from the two books together is: while Russia is not as weak as we think, China is not as powerful or influential as it looks. This finding has critical real-world implications, especially for the United States, which is finding it increasingly difficult to navigate the consolidating China-Russia alignment while still believing that Moscow, due to weakness, cannot well-manage closer strategic cooperation with Beijing.1 The theoretical contributions of...

The global landscape is undergoing a profound transformation driven by artificial intelligence (AI), a technology that has the potential to reshape global power dynamics, economies, and societies. The United States (U.S.) has historically played a central role in guiding technological advancements, offering leadership that has prioritized ethical governance and global stability. Drawing a parallel to the U.S. leadership during the development of atomic weapons, this study emphasizes the necessity for the U.S. to take a proactive and responsible role in the governance of AI. Without U.S. leadership, the proliferation of AI risks falling into the hands of authoritarian regimes, such as China and Russia, whose use of AI for surveillance, censorship, disinformation, and military purposes could destabilize international norms and threaten democratic values. The study uses agency theory to argue that the global community must rely on the U.S. as a responsible agent to ensure AI technologies are used ethically and for the collective benefit of humanity. The paper also incorporates social comparison theory, technological determinism, and international relations realism to further illustrate the strategic and moral imperative of U.S. leadership in AI governance. By examining the historical context of U.S. leadership in managing disruptive technologies, this study highlights the urgent need for the U.S. to establish global AI governance frameworks that prioritize human rights, equity, and democratic values, countering the risks posed by authoritarian misuse of AI. Overall, the study employs a systematic meta-analysis, utilizing agency theory and complementary frameworks such as social comparison theory, technological determinism, and realism to analyze the U.S.'s role in global AI governance, drawing from peer-reviewed literature sourced from databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, published between 2010 and 2025. The analysis reveals that U.S. leadership in AI prioritizes ethical development, transparency, and international collaboration, contrasting sharply with China and Russia’s authoritarian strategies focused on surveillance, militarization, and disinformation, underscoring the urgent need for U.S.-led global norms to ensure AI aligns with democratic values and fosters global stability.

The novelty of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nascent geo-tech interests of powerful countries have largely influenced foreign policy, while ‘techno-geopolitics’ and the emergence of the ‘AI world order’ have constantly challenged the world order milieu. The changing global power dynamics, including the escalating Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Palestine conflict and China’s rising clout in tech and diplomatic spheres have induced specific geo-political challenges to the US-led global order. In this context, this research primarily unfolds whether the remaking of new global order can fundamentally be signified by the end of bipolar or unipolar world order, while the advancement of AI technology and geo-tech interests of tech powers have contributed to a remaking of new global order. As the powerful countries have fundamentally concentrated on marshaling AI in foreign policy, both AI and foreign policy have been closely interlinked. This research aims to explore the impact of AI on new global order and corresponding security concerns, particularly Nepalese security concerns. Since both AI and the new global order are relatively vast fields, this research focuses on tech foreign policy that is directly linked with the balance of power and the corresponding international order. This study adopts an analytical descriptive research method. It relates AI ethics and global tech concerns, considering the global need, beginning with the notion of multilateral tech diplomacy, and inquiring whether the tech foreign policy is truly functional. Despite varying challenges to the new global order, rational ‘geopolitical balancing’ and techno-economic cooperation in ‘better-functioning relations’ with immediate neighbors and other superpowers drive Nepal’s security architecture.

Outline for a German Strategy for Artificial Intelligence

The addition of Gulf states to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) has significantly altered regional dynamics. By examining two Gulf states’ foreign policy motivations for joining the SCO, through the lens of institutional balancing and hedging concepts, we argue that they engage in both hedging through multi-alignment to achieve national objectives and mitigate risks and institutional balancing in order to constrain China’s and Russia’s geopolitical ambitions within the organisation, check their regional rivals and at the same time exclude the United States from an emerging security architecture. Moreover, Gulf states’ priorities focus on strategic autonomy and have avoided taking clear-cut sides in the US–China competition, while not isolating Russia despite capitalising on its deteriorating position in the Middle East since the Ukraine war. Finally, the Gulf Cooperation Council’s reluctant position as a unitary actor in establishing relations with the SCO indicates its strategic neutrality and a cautious stance towards the United States as its security guarantor.

Technology is the fundamental factor of social change, offering new opportunities for the production, storage and dissemination of knowledge. This is especially true in the military sphere, because progress in military technology can have both positive and negative consequences: improved capabilities for measures to mobilize and use force, or more powerful capabilities for cause harm and destruction. Current innovations in artificial intelligence, robotics, autonomous systems, space technology, 3D printing, biotechnology, materials science and quantum computing will bring unprecedented transformations. Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming the "defining technology of the future", both in everyday life and in the military sphere. For developing a military potential suitable for the geostrategic challenges of the present and the future, it is important to navigate military innovations and new technologies, which is what this work is devoted to. Based on the analysis of publications of the international analytical and consulting organizations, foreign governments, NATO, SIPRI, the Munich Security Conference, the EU the latest forecasts for the introduction and adaptation of new technologies and methods originating from the civilian sector into military programs were presented. In particular, this applies to technologies of the fourth industrial revolution - artificial intelligence, robotics, autonomy, cybersecurity, etc., as well as space, nuclear technologies, technologies of new materials, biotechnologies - for military transformation. The future of military success will now belong to those who design, build and use combinations of information technology with existing technology and military capabilities to form a new combat force - smart, interconnected, distributed and digital. This change manifests itself in new forms of war - hyper war, memetic war, cyberspace war. The future scientific and technological landscape in the military sphere will be characterized (and at the same time guided) by the following: - Intelligence: built-in artificial intelligence, advanced analytics and decision-making capabilities across the entire technology spectrum. - Autonomy: autonomous systems with artificial intelligence that are capable of up to a certain level of autonomous decision-making. Such autonomous systems can be robotic, platform-based, or (digital) agents. - Humanistic intelligence: seamless integration of psycho-socio-technological systems supporting human and machine connectivity, as well as synergistic behaviour. - Interconnection: overlay of real and virtual domains, including sensors, organizations, institutions, individuals, autonomous agents and processes.