Abstract
Abstract In this study, the levels of concentration of carboxylic acids (benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hippuric acid) in the urine of autistic children were investigated and compared. The increased excretion of carboxylic acids is related to excessive bacterial activity in the gut, called bacterial overgrowth, which has been related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as an impairment in the gut-brain axis. The investigation was based on the analysis of urine samples obtained from 120 ASD children. To identify and quantify urinary carboxylic acids (UCAs), we applied gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we checked the influence of probiotic supplementation, gender, body mass index (BMI) value and age of children on the level of different selected compounds. Most of the obtained results were found within reference ranges. In some cases, the levels of benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were particularly elevated. Statistically significant differences were observed in supplementation with probiotics and the level of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p=0.036). The obtained results may indicate disturbances in the intestinal flora in some autistic patients and suggest that supplements may have an influence on the levels of carboxylic acids in urine. Due to the small population of children taking the supplement, further study are needed.
Highlights
The increased excretion of carboxylic acids is related to excessive bacterial activity in the gut, called bacterial 1 Introduction overgrowth, which has been related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as an impairment in the gut-brain axis
A bidirectional interaction quantify urinary carboxylic acids (UCAs), we applied gas between brain and gut enables humans to finely modulate chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
The obtained results may indicate disturbances concept of brain-gut axis should enlighten many complex in the intestinal flora in some autistic patients and suggest issues regarding neurological pathologies such as autism that supplements may have an influence on the levels of spectrum disorder (ASD) [5,6,7]
Summary
The increased excretion of carboxylic acids is related to excessive bacterial activity in the gut, called bacterial 1 Introduction overgrowth, which has been related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as an impairment in the gut-brain axis. Both the outside world and the internal human-. The obtained results may indicate disturbances concept of brain-gut axis should enlighten many complex in the intestinal flora in some autistic patients and suggest issues regarding neurological pathologies such as autism that supplements may have an influence on the levels of spectrum disorder (ASD) [5,6,7]. The aminoacidic balance of systemic metabolism is partly due to the correct modulation of the gut microbiome
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