Urinary biomarkers of oxidative and nitrosative stress and the risk for incident stroke: A nested case–control study from a community-based cohort

Abstract

BackgroundOxidative and nitrosative stress has suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, but has unclear relationship with the risk for incident stroke. MethodsIn this nested case–control study, cases consisted of 131 participants who were free of stroke at screening and experienced incident stroke during the follow-up period. Controls were 1:1 frequency-matched for age and sex. Baseline levels of urinary creatinine-indexed biomarkers were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, including 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), 4-hydroxynonenal conjugate with mercapturic acid, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 8-nitroguanine. ResultsThe levels of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α in stroke cases were higher than in controls [median (interquartile range), 1.13 (2.23–4.36) μg/g creatinine versus 0.71 (1.34–3.02) μg/g creatinine, p=0.004]. After adjusting cardiovascular risk factors, the association remained that higher level of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α entailed the greater risk for incident stroke [per 1 standard deviation increase in log-transformed value, adjusted odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–1.85; p=0.005] with a significant increasing trend across its quartiles (p for trend=0.016). After adding urinary 8-iso-PGF2α, the prediction model not only improved discrimination between participants with or without incident stroke (integrated discrimination improvement, 0.025; 95% CI, 0.006–0.045; p=0.005), but enhanced stroke risk stratification (net reclassification improvement, 19.8%; 95% CI, 4.6–35.1%; p=0.011). In contrast, the relationships were non-significant among the other three biomarkers. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated that urinary 8-iso-PGF2α could be an independent biomarker of oxidative stress for prediction of the risk for incident stroke.