Urban logistics spaces in port cities: typology sustainability analysis via the case of Barranquilla, Colombia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to move beyond the stage of analysis of exclusively physical microclimatic phenomena and extending ourselves to the study of the impact of the microclimate environment on the user behavior in public spaces. This paper will open up new opportunities for the development of urban open spaces and facilitate the decision-making for urban decision-makers, city managers and planners to make the right urban planning decision.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology for identifying the links between microclimatic quality of urban routes and behaviors was developed on the basis of the results obtained from field surveys carried out in nine public urban areas of the city of Biskra, three urban space are located in a traditional urban fabric (the medina) and the other five in new urban areas, in the two climatic seasons (winter, summer) of 2019. For this exploratory research, two types of instruments were used to collect data from environmental and human monitoring.FindingsImproving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces can allow people to spend more time outside, with the possibility of increasing their social cohesion. The overall objective of this research is to better understand the impact of microclimatic characteristics on pedestrian behavior of nine selected public urban spaces in the city of Biskra, Algeria. To characterize this impact, the authors developed an approach based on crossing data of field surveys, including structured interviews with a questionnaire and observations of human activities (video recordings), as well as microclimate monitoring, conducted during the two climatic seasons (winter, summer) 2019. The analysis of the results allowed to verify the impact of the two climatic seasons (winter, summer) on the variation in the density of occupancy of the different urban areas studied and the duration of the user stations. The authors also illustrated that the number of individuals higher in the traditional urban spaces of the city of Biskra or the conditions of climate comfort are more comfortable than the urban spaces in the new urban areas of the city of Biskra during the summer, which is the season most problematic.Originality/valueIn recent years, there has been a proliferation of scientific studies on the subject of control of microclimatic characteristics and, in particular, on the consideration of the thermal comfort of persons by qualitative analysis, prediction and representation of the perception of external environments. Improving microclimatic conditions in urban spaces can allow people to spend more time outside, with the possibility of increasing their social cohesion. This study highlights the importance of climate-conscious urban design and design flexibility. Urban environments can be modified in summer and winter to provide a better outdoor thermal environment for users. In addition, this study also shows the importance of harmony between microclimate and urban design. Such harmony can be achieved by including requirements for a climate-conscious urban design in the planning regulations for cities in arid zones.

Changing Urban Identity in The Eastern Mediterranean Port Cities from the Ottoman Period to the Nation-State: Case of Mersin and Volos Eastern Mediterranean port cities had been the spaces of exchange during the nineteenth century, when Ottoman Empire ran into a modernization process due to the changing commercial relations to the industrialized core. As a result, new land use units began to occur within urban form and urban space was shaped in a relational way, depending on the needs and expectations of local actors. Despite many differences between each of them, modernity projects of the nation states was aiming to produce its own urban space, from the beginning of twentieth century. This process revealed itself through interventions on urban space, which became a medium for nation states to reproduce their new identities. The ideals of nation states to create a new identity brought about significant transformations in urban identity of port cities, owing its existence to social diversity and its urban space. In this period, the reciprocal relation of the city to the sea was broken, due to implementation of new large-scale infrastructure projects, like port areas. Consequently, the relational positioning of different land uses in urban form and the coherent urban structure they produced were disappeared. Furthermore, these investments dismantled the relational space, produced through the components of identity and character of port cities. In this study, changing identity of Eastern Mediterranean port cities is investigated through a comparison between Mersin and Volos, two cities of a similar scale. Being a part of two different nation states -Turkey and Greece- the changing identity and urban space characteristics in these port cities are scrutinized through an exploration into the spatial politics of nation states, whether they took into consideration the local distinctiveness of port cities, needs and expectations of local actors, and the components of their identity and character. The effect of these interventions on public space is on the forefront of the discussion.

In XX century the new model of social relation based mainly on consumption was introduced. This change in social life inflict also the urban space – the City become a field of investment game. Even the pedestrian open space become the commodity, which been used for investing and accumulating of capital. This change leads to creation of the new type of pedestrian city spaces, called by some authors hybrid spaces. These urban spaces have become a place for meetings and strolls for the new generation of urban flaneur. It can be observed that the consequence of the commodification of public spaces is the creation of the specific amusement parks for adults. Access to such hybrid city areas is restricted, and activities are limited by private owners. Some authors claims that commodification and privatization of urban space is a threat to the functioning of the public space by limiting the activity of users, especially some important social functions - from unstimulated and uncontrolled meetings with the “other” and “foreign”, up to public gatherings, social protests and conflicts. Limitations and access reduced to selected social groups are the essential origin of conflicts and tensions, as exemplified by the 2011 events at Zuccotti Park. The article analyze the privatized pedestrian space the “Manufaktura” shopping center in Lodz (Central Poland). It is one of the largest private city plaza in Europe. This text should allow to better understanding of the functions of the hybrid spaces in the contemporary city. Author focused on evaluation from the users’ point of view, as well as in a broader social and urban context and buildings (this includes: the large shopping gallery, amusement park, hotel, cinema, theatre, two museums, numerous clubs, cafes and restaurants) located around the privately owned plaza. According to some sources it is the largest private city plaza in Europe. The purpose of this text is to allow a better understanding of the specificity of the hybrid space in the city (its functions, advantages and disadvantages evaluated from the users’ point of view, as well as in a broader social and urban context). It also should contribute to the search for a proper balance between private and public open spaces in the city.

In theoretical development history, the issue of “urban public space” is one of the\n\ncentral themes in the domain of urban planning and design, which has played as a\n\nmedium for interdisciplinary discussions on the relationship between built environment\n\nand the social relations behind. In present Chinese cities, the market economic reform in\n\nrecent decades has brought profound impacts on Chinese society, which is mostly\n\nrepresented by an infusing of private realm to the universal public realm in the planned\n\neconomic era at all dimensions of space production. However, the production of urban\n\nspace in China under market economic reform is not lead by an articulated theory of\n\npublic space. The notion of “Chinese urban public space” remains as a technical\n\ndefinition, and the essential attribute, namely, the “publicness” of urban public space,\n\nseems to be conspicuously absent from theoretical discourses in present Chinese urban\n\nplanning and design.\n\nThis dissertation is an empirical study on Chinese urban public space in cities under\n\nmarket economic reform. It aims to find out how space production mechanisms in the\n\neconomic reform period constitute the nature—the attribute of “publicness”—of\n\nChinese urban public space. The study is built upon a set of theoretical underpinnings—\n\nthe public space theories in urban studies and the theories on the relationship between\n\nbuilt environment and the socioeconomic background. In particular, the study adopts the\n\nsociospatial perspective of the “production of space” theory established by French\n\nphilosopher Henry Lefebvre as the theoretical rationale for the methodology. It takes a\n\ncase study method for its empirical exploration, for which, the city of Shenzhen is\n\nchosen as the case study area.\n\nThrough case investigations, the study demonstrates that the universal socialist\n\npublicness of Chinese urban public space in the planned economic era has disappeared\n\nwith the market economic reform. The production of urban public space in Chinese\n\ncities is no longer a technical issue dealing with merely the physical dimension of space,\n\ninstead, it represents a process of conflicts and contradictions, in which different actors,\n\ninterests, and ideologies fight as well as interact for the use, interest, and representation\n\nof space, and wherein sociospatial relations are reconstructed. Further, through\n\ninvestigation on the institutional forces behind space production, the study demonstrates\n\nthat there are institutional paradoxes in present Chinese space production mechanisms,\n\nwhich are roots of the conflicts and contradictions in the production of public space.\n\nThese paradoxes have led to a general “loss” of “publicness” in Chinese urban public\n\nspace, which are represented in some common and yet fundamental aspects of changes.\n\nThe findings of this study are considered to have important implications for\n\nunderstanding the nature of Chinese urban public space in Chinese cities in the market\n\neconomic reform era. It also contributes to a better understanding on the space\n\nproduction mechanisms as well as their relationship with the social-economic settings in\n\npresent Chinese transitional society.

Coupling characteristics of coastal ports and urban network systems based on flow space theory: Empirical evidence from China

Reshaping port-city relationships through underground logistics system: A mixed qualitative approach

Because of expanding urban areas and subsequent changes in land cover, elucidating the role of preserving biodiversity in heterogeneous urban green spaces in city scapes is necessary. Alpha, beta, and gamma diversity of ant assemblages were analyzed in a heterogeneous urban green space in the highland city of Tlaxcala in central eastern Mexico. Ant and habitat characteristics were sampled during hot and rainy seasons of 2017 in an urban green space divided into nine sections. In total, 842 individuals of 21 species, 12 genera, nine tribes, and four subfamilies were collected. Sections with more complex habitat structure had fewer and more dominant species, whereas those with simple habitat structure had greater number and evenness of species. Compositional diversity varied significantly among the sampled sections because of much species turnover and great contribution of beta diversity to gamma diversity. The value of the studied urban green space for ant diversity resulted from much turnover of species. Promotion of heterogeneity in urban green spaces in city scapes might be an important strategy for conserving biodiversity as well as ecosystem services provided in and near highland cities.

The sea covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Now for the first time in history more than half the world's people live in cities and many of the world's most populated conurbations are located on the ocean periphery. Climate change is making littoral zones a potentially productive location for the development of new forms of urban space in coastal cities. Increased urbanisation and the foregrounding of the coastal condition make the association between cities and the sea one of the most important environmental juxtapositions of the 21st century. The aim of this paper is to re-theorise the collision of the public realm and the sea edge, and provide a range of design precedents for this emerging urban space phenomenon. The paper will introduce the concept of ‘bluespace’ and define a matrix with nine instances of how urban space and sea space combine to produce distinct public space types in port cities. Case studies of each type will be presented and discussed in detail with reference to textual and representational descriptions of the space in question.

Relation between visitors’ behaviour and characteristics of green spaces in the city of Granada, south-eastern Spain

One of the prevailing concerns of African urban history has been the reframing of African peoples as active shapers rather than passive inhabitants of twentieth-century cities. Yet this effort to accord African urbanites agency – effectively to look past the actions and intentions of the state – has been hampered by an enduring assumption that “real” urban space is predominantly manifest through material infrastructure. Focusing on written descriptions of early colonial Sekondi, the British West African colony of the Gold Coast’s first railway and port city, published in an African-owned newspaper (the Gold Coast Leader), this essay examines how the city’s “middle class” conceptualized and constituted city space from c. 1900 to 1920. Treating such writings as products of, in Henri Lefebvre’s phrasing, “rhythmanalysts” – figures uniquely positioned to “listen” to the city and recognize its multiple cadences – it argues middle-class residents viewed colonial urban space as a “lived” dimension that was inherently dynamic, fluid, and beyond the state’s control. More specifically, it gives serious analytical purchase to their repeated insistence that music and musical events were effective ways to recompose city space and encourages scholars of urban Africa to regard music-making as a mode of city-making worthy of further attention.

In the first decade of the twentieth century, a group of Indian nationalists established the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNCo) in the South Indian port of Tuticorin. Established to defeat the British imperial shipping monopoly from the port, the SSNCo was an attempt to establish an industrial-capitalist basis for a future Indian nation. The SSNCo spurred a wave of nationalist anticolonial agitation in Tuticorin and the surrounding district, with “swadeshi” slogans and activism becoming visible across the city and the district, industrial strikes in cotton mills, and, eventually, violent suppression of protest by the police forces of the Government of India. This paper uses these events to investigate two related avenues of historical research into port cities, firstly by arguing for increased recognition of the role of smaller port cities in the emergence of, and resistance to, European imperialism, and secondly, for more work on the “subaltern” aspects of social and political activity in the streets and public spaces of these port cities. By exploring the ways in which the SSNCo spurred spectacular and mundane changes to the urban form of Tuticorin, this paper enhances understanding of seemingly marginal colonial port cities as spaces of anticolonial agitation.

The research purpose. The article under consideration is devoted to the problem of reconstructing the everyday life of Mariupol residents in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The author summarises certain results of its study and, on the basis of materials from reference books, periodicals, photographic documents, and sources of personal origin, identifies the most important components of urban everyday life, old and new cultural practices, and the time cycle of the city's life. The main research findings. The research reveals that the urban culture of Mariupol, like many commercial and industrial centres of southern Ukraine, especially since the late nineteenth century, has been developing in new realities. The specific combination of functions, including 'port city' and 'large industrial centre', in the economy of Mariupol, its involvement in foreign trade, and the active participation of foreign citizens (merchants and industrialists) in the economic and social life of the city, resulted in a rapid westernisation of urban everyday life, especially in the early twentieth century. Consequently, the gap between the culture of urban elites and ordinary residents gradually disappeared. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon is most clearly evident in the emergence of infrastructure common to all categories of the population, as well as in the development of shared urban spaces for leisure activities, such as recreational areas, including city gardens and squares, as well as theatres and cinemas. The wider use of technical means had a significant impact on the city's entertainment culture and its mass appeal, particularly in the fields of communications, public transport, cinema and mass media. The early 20th century witnessed a significant telephonisation of the city, ranking it second only to the provincial city of Katerynoslav in terms of its telephone coverage. Concurrently, new routes, including automobile ones, were established to connect the city with its industrial suburbs and the port. Plans for the introduction of trams were also discussed in the city council. Cinemas, a popular form of leisure, emerged not only in the city centre but also in suburban working-class communities. Concurrently, the daily city newspaper, Mariupolskaya Zhizn, was established. The city witnessed the opening of two gymnasiums, a network of primary schools, libraries, and bookstores, contributing to the enhancement of residents' awareness regarding health, nutrition, clothing, and leisure. Conclusions. Despite the numerous changes that have occurred, it has been determined that the influence of the Greek community of immigrants from the Crimea has remained the most significant, despite its significant decline in proportion to other ethnic groups that constituted the city's population in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is particularly evident in the preservation of names in the urban topography of the old part of the city, which is associated with the Crimean period of the Greek community's history, as well as in the preservation of certain production and festive practices and food traditions. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the preservation of names in the urban topography of the old part of the city, which are associated with the Crimean period of the Greek community's history. It is also evident in the preservation of certain production and festive practices and food traditions. Key words: Mariupol, everyday life, citizens, urbanisation, urban space, urban culture.

> The Atlas was created within the LDE PortCityFutures research group and the Faculty of Architecture TU Delft. It is part of the series on the Urbanization of the Sea, and the kick-off of a sub-series on Mapping Port Cities > An analytical study on the complexity of port cities in Europe A multitude of port cities dots Europe’s coastline, all serving the purpose of facilitating maritime transportation. Over millennia, public and private leaders have built harbours, urban spaces and infrastructures in diverse territories to serve hinterlands, including landlocked capital cities and metropolitan areas. As nodes on the edge of water and land, port city territories embody knowledge on maritime flows and water conditions. At a time of climate change, they can be paradigms and stewards of sustainable development. Taking a comprehensive, mapping based approach, Port City Atlas visualizes 100 port city territories located on four seas and connected through shared waters. It provides a foundation for comparative analysis beyond case study approaches that are often locked into national contexts, select languages or disciplinary approaches. Conceived as a work of reference, the book makes the case for a sea-based approach to the understanding and design of Europe.

This article presents the results of a scientific study conducted within the framework of an intra-university grant. The work was partially supported by the V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University Development Program for 2015-2024. The analysis of the world experience in the design of biopositive public spaces in various cities of the world is considered, the methods for the formation of a sustainable biopositive urban space are outlined in the theoretical works of leading specialists in various directions. Spaces of Crimean cities, in particular its capital - Simferopol, listed a number of problems of the following public urban spaces : areas, landscape objects, pedestrian streets, embankment, etc., formed as a result of the development and growth of the modern city, the results of surveys conducted by the authors (questionnaires, social questions) among guests and local population of Crimean cities. wishes of the residents of Simferopol city, Alushta city and Chernomorskoye settlement to architectural-planning, composition-landscape and artistic expressive qualities of urban public spaces. A short characteristic of the most popular urban spaces is given, their advantages and disadvantages are indicated. The requirements of residents and guests of these the Crimean cities to the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the material and technical and vegetable content of the urban environment are analyzed. Practical recommendations on the architectural and planning reconstruction of transport and pedestrian units, squares, garden and park facilities, embankments and courtyard spaces, taking into account the principles of biopositivity, are given. Experimental design models are proposed that consider the idea of transforming the existing public spaces of Crimean cities, taking into account modern international standards and information of sociological surveys.

This article analyses female agency in early twentieth-century Gothenburg. It argues that female urban practices were a major catalyst for the transformation of urban space in the port city, which has traditionally been attributed to male-dominated activities in trade, industry and urban politics. Drawing on women’s personal memories and on insights offered by theoretical studies that consider gender and mobility as constitutive elements of urban space, the article focuses on women’s mobile practices in the rapidly changing industrial port city: on female migration, on how women navigated the labour market, and on their perception as home-makers. In doing so, it places particular emphasis on how women acted in the blurred boundaries between ‘public’ and ‘private’ spaces and thereby on one of the major ordering principles of urban life.