Urban Livelihood Insecurity: The Travails and Survival of Women Tricycle Riders in Ibadan, Nigeria

This study explored factors influencing individuals' decisions to pursue occupations traditionally dominated by the opposite gender in Ibadan Metropolis. Guided by Parsons' theory of role socialization, this research explored the experiences of 42 individuals working in male-dominated (butchering, driving, cobbling) and female-dominated (hair styling, catering, tie and dye) occupations. The study adopted descriptive design and applied purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The findings revealed that family background, parental support, peer influence, economic necessity and unemployment situation are significant factors influencing occupational choice. Cultural and religious values also shaped job characteristics and opportunities in gendered occupations. However, societal values and norms were major challenges for individuals who chose to pursue non-traditional occupations, and this manifested in the form of stigma, discrimination, and marginalization. This study contributed to knowledge of the complex interplay between socio-cultural and economic factors influencing occupational choices. The results highlighted the need for policies and programmes that promote gender equality, challenge traditional gender roles, and provide support for individuals pursuing non-traditional occupations.

In Enugu State, women are actively involved in farming and agricultural activities, making their role indispensable in promoting sustainable agriculture and improving rural livelihoods. This study assesses the role of women in promoting sustainable agriculture for rural livelihoods in Enugu State, and its specific objectives are to: investigate the effect of government on women participation in promoting sustainable agriculture in the rural livelihoods of Enugu State; and determine the obstacles that women encounter while trying to engage in promoting sustainable agriculture in Enugu State's rural livelihoods. According to the study's literature analysis, Nigeria's government has been successfully integrating women into the agricultural sector through a number of its initiatives. However, the biggest issues facing women are limited access to markets and farm equipment. The study employed correctional data from 150 women farmers in two local governments of Enugu state, and it was analyzed by an ordered probit model. The main finding revealed that Government intervention has positive significant effect on women's participation in promoting sustainable agriculture in rural livelihoods of Enugu State; and Women do encounter significant obstacles in engaging in the promotion of sustainable agriculture in the rural livelihoods of Enugu State. The study concluded from the findings that Government intervention on women's participation and the obstacles that women encounter in promoting sustainable agriculture in rural livelihoods of Enugu State are positively significant to the Nigeria in general, while recommended that: Government of Enugu State should intensifies and expands its intervention programs to further encourage and support women's involvement in sustainable agriculture practices; and targeted measures should be implemented to remove or reduce these barriers, this includes improving access to land, credit facilities, education, and agricultural resources, as well as addressing socio-cultural norms that limit women's full participation.

The research focused on the efforts of the Mount Kelud community in disaster mitigation from the perspective of the story of Dewi Kilisuci, one of the central figures of the legend of Mount Kelud. Ecofeminism viewed that nature as a symbol of women. Mitigation efforts could be carried out through the society’s cultural wisdom by carrying out various traditional ceremonies. The ceremony would be closely related to various legendary figures that the community believes. In addition, it could also be done through symbolic efforts. The research applied a qualitative descriptive research method. Data were obtained through interviews as well as content analysis, and descriptive analysis techniques used to explain stories and disaster mitigation efforts of society’s cultural wisdom based on symbolic ecofeminism. It is found that the story of the character of Dewi Kilisuci, where there are mitigation efforts carried out symbolically by her character, which until now is believed by the people. It also explains the role, value, and position of the figure of Dewi Kilisuci as a symbol of women in relation to ecofeminism. It is hoped that the research will be able to provide an understanding of the local cultural wisdom of the community and disaster mitigation efforts and find out how natural values are related to women.

The problem in this research is what is the meaning of the symbol of women's existence in traditional house ornaments in the Wolotopo traditional village, East Wolotpo Village, Ndona District, Ende Regency. The aim of this research is to find out the meaning of the symbol of women's existence in traditional houses in the Wolotopo traditional community, East Wolotopo Village, Ndona District Ende Regency. The research method used in this research is a qualitative research method, with data collection techniques of observation, interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques in this research include data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of the research show that the Wolotopo indigenous people believe that breast ornaments in traditional houses indicate the importance of women's role as a symbol of life and fertility for all humans, which is an ancestral heritage. This symbolizes unity and is a symbol of communication between humans and the highest being. In the life of the Wolotopo traditional community, women have an important role and big responsibilities, which have been inherited by their ancestors and are trusted by the local cultural community, such as women's involvement in traditional household affairs, in various traditional rituals such as working on traditional houses, mosalaki burial rituals and someone's coronation. becoming a traditional figure (wakelaki ritual), opening new land and making statues of gods (Ana deo).

Factors governing stakeholders' choice of gathering and disposing of solid wastes in some southwestern states of Nigeria were appraised using Iwo and Ibadan as case studies. The objectives were to determine associated challenges and recommend possible improvements. The study administered 1,400 structured questionnaires, out of which 873 (62.3%) were respondents. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed an upward trend in solid waste disposal in the two communities, according to stakeholders' income and household size. Solid wastes generally encountered in the study areas include foods, leaves, papers, clothing, leather, hair attachments, nylons, plastics, metals, and cans which often litter the dump environment. The economic cost of a sack-load of waste was *N200 in Iwo and N495 in Ibadan, and the frequency of waste removal is 150% higher in Iwo than in Ibadan. The average distance to the dumpsite is 2 km, which discourages low-income earners who are mostly pedestrians. Ibadan residents are culturally disposed to dirty streets and drainages/gutters with solid wastes; unfortunately, the situation in Iwo is not different. Stakeholder perceptions of factors impacting waste disposal in Iwo gave greater weight to (1) income and spending power, (2) culture, (3) religion, (4) governmental intervention, and (5) health factors in that order. In Ibadan, (1) income and spending power, (2) health factors, (3) occupational hazards, and (4) religion were rated in that sequence. It is conjectured that these issues demand strong attention in efforts to build functional capacities for solid waste disposal.

The invitation acts categorized as an action that is likely to threaten the faceof interlocutors and it is called as face-threatening acts (FTA). There is a need for a strategy in making invitations, so that speakers can maintain their utterance to not interfere the faceof the interlocutors. This study aims to describe the strategies used by Japanese speakers in conducting speech acts to invite friends with similar and opposite gender. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive research method. The data was obtained using the discourse completion test (DCT) questionnaire with respondents from 60 Gunma University students (30 men and 30 women). Then, the collected data has been analyzed based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategy. Results showed, that in doing invitation speech acts to friends with opposite gender, both male and female speakers tend to use negative politeness strategies. While the positive politeness strategy is only used in small imposition situations and to friends with similar gender. Male speakers tend to use men’s language (danseigo) to similar gender friends, it shows the nature of a man who is strong and full of masculinity. While female speakers use polite and refined language, such as female language characteristics that are more polite and not dominating. From there, it can be seen that Japanese speakers have a high awareness of the differences in the gender of their interlocutor when they do speech acts.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between livelihood security and food security attainment among paddy farmers in non-granary areas. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with low-income rice farmers in Kedah and Kelantan States, Malaysia, involving a sample size of 400 households selected through stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). A total of 388 paddy farmers participated in this study. The results indicate that the overall combination of livelihood security components positively correlates with the achievement of food security. Consequently, improvements in food security among farmers are proposed. Government intervention should be considered to enhance livelihood security among paddy farmers and low-income individuals, aligning with the optimal minimum requirements based on the Malaysian food pyramid. Initiatives to promote a balanced diet will be intensified through the food basket program for the poor.

Issues regarding security have always been a trending topic to be discussed, especially topics concerning matters that may cause conflicts of interest. Security studies that discuss security elements continue to be developed by various stakeholders. Security within the Archipelago To achieve comprehensive national security, these elements of national security must be implemented in policy formulation. Land conflict is a threat to two elements of national security, namely human security and environmental security. The escalation of the potential threat of conflict shows a very significant increase, so it is necessary to look for a solution so that it does not develop into a vertical or horizontal conflict. This problem affects the security of human citizens and the threat of environmental damage due to destruction of forest areas due to deforestation is a form of threat to these elements of national security. This study aims to unravel the land conflict resolution efforts of the Laman Kinipan Indigenous Community in Lamandau District by the Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago. Qualitative research methods use a case study approach. Data collection techniques were in the form of interviews with the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago of Central Kalimantan, the Central Kalimantan Indonesian Forum for the Environment, and the Indigenous Territory Registration Agency as well as data collection through literature study techniques. The research shows that steps of AMAN and the Coalition of Justice for the Kinipan fighting for the liberation of indigenous peoples from various forms threats to human security, such as demanding the release of Effendi Buhing and the indigenous youth of Kinipan, and various other actions is an effort to guarantee human rights for the community Kinpan custom. This also makes indigenous peoples free from fear threat to human security.Until now, the expected form of output is recognition as a customary law community legitimized by the Regional Government Lamandau Regency, there is a decree from the Ministry of Environment Life and Forestry, and the realization of national security by the Community The adat of Laman Kinipan still cannot be felt by indigenous peoples. The output that has not been felt by the beneficiaries is Indigenous Communities The Kinipan page shows the implementation of this national security has not materialized. The conclusion is with the efforts of the Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago in resolution of the Laman Kinipan Land conflict with the stages of community organizing, visioning, planning, and implementation and evaluation to realize national security by being linked through elements of environmental security and human security.

The construction of gender and imaging gender as a reason for inequality is a well- established field of linguistic research. This study seeks to investigate the representation of gender in English textbooks for grade IX published by the Punjab Textbook Board (PTB), Pakistan. In order to assess the textbook from a gender perspective, the qualitative research method was employed. The text is examined using content analysis from a gender viewpoint. In this study, secondary data watches the main subject. According to the data, the grade IX English textbook from the Punjab textbook board has more phrases that are specifically slang for men. Additionally, there is a representation of female gender-specific terminology in the ninth-grade English textbook. Despite the Constitution of Pakistan of 1973's stated intention to reduce gender imbalances, male supremacy permeates all of the themes and sub-themes. It is observed that the government, textbook boards, and curriculum directorate should ensure an equal distribution of information for both sexes to boost women’s visibility in Pakistan.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) contribute significantly to the livelihood, food, and nutrition security of rural communities and forest dwellers. Earlier studies on NTFPs emphasized the economic importance, sustainability aspects, and commercialization of NTFPs, and highlighted the importance of strong value chains if NTFPs were to fulfill their economic potential for communities and people who rely on them. Formulation of proper policy and commercialization of NTFPs through their value chain will require a thorough review of existing research to identify the policy loopholes. A review of literature sought to determine whether research on NTFPs links to sustainable livelihood, policy, and value chains using clustering and visual network visualization. The results of the study reveal four domain clusters indicating a mix of traditional and evolved approaches toward strengthening of the NTFP value chain. Policy issues on NTFP have also evolved as one of the important clusters of research. The study recommends the mapping of value chains in the NTFP research to guide the pursuit of holistic and sustainable livelihood security.

Many faith-based organizations, especially the Nigerian Baptist Convention, have deployed many means to promote peaceful coexistence in the society in an attempt to achieve Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. One such means is mediative dialogue through social media. As the world has metamorphosed digitally and social media changes communication means globally, using social media through mediative dialogue will likely improve promoting peaceful coexistence through mediative dialogue by faith-based organizations. The study examined how the Convention’s pastors use social media to promote peaceful coexistence through mediative dialogue in Baptist churches within the Ibadan metropolis. The study was done through three qualitative research methods: sample surveys, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. The study focused on Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram. The study discovers that many Baptist pastors in Ibadan have been using at least one social media platform. The study is corroborated by reviewing other related literatures. Specific responses and reviews were also given on each of the focused social media platforms. The study is concluded by giving some recommendations to faith-based organizations generally and pastors of the Nigerian Baptist Convention specifically on how to deploy social media in the process of promoting peaceful coexistence in the society through mediative dialogue.

Print advertisements, a denominator of social realities have been approached from varied linguistic orientations. Studies that have dealt with how religious groups and churches utilize print advertisement to elicit patronage are discovered as inadequate. Anchored on the principles of linguistic stylistics, this study therefore investigates some religious advertisements with a view to determining how meaning is stylistically indexed in religious discourse at the graphological level. Qualitative research method with the analysis of corpus of selected texts was adopted at the graphological level of stylistics. Data for the study consisted of a total of thirteen (13) religious advertisements which are purposively sampled from selected church handbills, posters and flyers. The language of religious advertisement indicates how people’s linguistic choices are influenced by their religious persuasions and beliefs. The advertisers employ diverse linguistic features such as pictorial elements, graphological devices of italicization, icons, capitalization, punctuation marks and figures. The choice of the words is very simple, and there are elements of code – mixing. Also, a lot of images common to the Christendom are used such as the sign of the cross and the pictures of dove, clock and cup of wine, as an indication that the adverts are meant for Christians. The study provokes a deep understanding of how language gives expression to religious discourse. The advertisers’ understanding of the people of the religious inclination inform their choice of language and semiotic features.

The study aims to explore the major roles women play in livelihood security among Ethiopian Somali Pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in selected two districts.  Even though the study is more of qualitative, quantitative method was also employed to some extent to gather information that couldn’t be captured via qualitative research method.  A total of 722 women were sampled and participated on household survey by probability sampling technique. According to the findings of the study, women in both social settings, in addition to reproductive roles, largely participate on productive works especially in livestock production.  Apparently, most of the tasks related to production of small ruminants, which are the largest in number and main source of income in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas, are the major activities of women. In both settings, the role of women in crop production is appeared to be minimal (confined to feeding of those who work on farm) due to cultural outlook that sees women as weaker as compared with men. Petty trading of wide range of commodities including livestock and livestock product is the major supplementary activity that enables the diversification of livelihoods of pastoral and agro-pastoral women. There exists huge variability in terms of pattern of expenditure along gender line. In agro-pastoral areas, women spend 93.5% of their individually generated income on purchase of households’ food items and the remaining 5.8% on other necessities such as children’s health while men spend 44.9% of their individual income on households’ consumption, 50.5% on personal needs, and spend only 3.7% of their incomes on children’s clothing. A number of problems which obstruct women’s pursuit of livelihood are identified by this study.   Key words: Livelihood security, women, livelihoods. &nbsp

Rekayasa Sosial Aksesibilitas Nafkah Dan Ketersediaan Pangan Responsif Gender Suku Anak Dalam Analisis Kemandirian Masyarakat Melalui Posdaya Abstrak Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) is one of the native communities transformed by the tension of transmigration and palm oil plantations. This study aims to determine the pattern of living, gender relations, and knowledge of local food in SAD community. By using qualitative research methods, this study showed that the SAD community condition is toward the threat of “livelihood and food security crisis“. Furthermore, this threat has implications for the inherent meaning of food security in SAD community, namely food as the identity, the exchange tools, and religion. This threat causes a shift in role of gender in SAD community in the distribution of work and responsibilities, access to resources assets, and relations to authority in decision making between men and women. However, the social and cultural strength in the form of SAD community kinship systems, beliefs and the cosmos, as well as knowledge of local food gives the meaning of importance of building SAD communities through economic empowerment and food institutions that can provide a living accessibility and gender responsive food availability for SAD community that reside both inside and outside the forest. Key words: SAD Community, food, gender Social Engineering of Livelihood Accessibility and Food Sustainability of Gender Responsivein Suku Anak Dalam Community Abstract Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) is one of the native communities transformed by the tension of transmigration and palm oil plantations. This study aims to determine the pattern of living, gender relations, and knowledge of local food in SAD community. By using qualitative research methods, this study showed that the SAD community condition is toward the threat of “livelihood and food security crisis“. Furthermore, this threat has implications for the inherent meaning of food security in SAD community, namely food as the identity, the exchange tools, and religion. This threat causes a shift in role of gender in SAD community in the distribution of work and responsibilities, access to resources assets, and relations to authority in decision making between men and women. However, the social and cultural strength in the form of SAD community kinship systems, beliefs and the cosmos, as well as knowledge of local food gives the meaning of importance of building SAD communities through economic empowerment and food institutions that can provide a living accessibility and gender responsive food availability for SAD community that reside both inside and outside the forest. Key words: SAD Community, food, gender

Growing awareness and concern about sustainability worldwide has drawn attention to the sustainability practices of the textile and apparel industry and its consumers. In particular, educating consumers about sustainability becomes more important as it can increase their sustainability awareness and prompt action. Therefore, based on the transformative learning theory, this study was designed to explore the current knowledge of sustainability of Generation Z fashion consumers by observing and analyzing a focus group discussion. A qualitative research method was used, twenty participants in four focus groups participated, and two activities were implemented during the focus group sessions in this study. A thematic analysis was used to interpret the qualitative transcribed data. Five themes emerged from the focus group discussion, including Normalizing Customer Activism, Short-Sighted Actions, Story Sharing with Others, Filling the Information Gap, and Challenging but Not Impossible. The results show that consumers have a limited understanding of sustainability, i.e., they are primarily concerned about the environmental aspect of sustainability. However, the knowledge and discussion extracted through video and website browsing led to transformative learning among the participants, thereby changing their understanding of sustainability from a predominantly environmental perspective to one that encompasses social aspects. In addition, after this learning process, fashion consumers can perceive sustainability more holistically as a balance of the three aspects of sustainability. The findings of this study can be applied to inform educational programs and create opportunities for reframing marketing strategies by leveraging various technological platforms.