Abstract
This paper discusses land issues and attempts to explain why they are persistent and prevalent in Chinese cities. We will demonstrate that the factors behind the land issues include land institution setting, gradualism in reforms, ill-designed policy instruments, one-size-fits-all approaches to land management, a fragmented planning system, and development objectives that are conflicting among themselves at the national level. We then discuss land policy challenges and unfinished reforms that deserve attention. Land reforms underscore the balancing act required between the concerns about the protection of property rights and public interests. They were meant to address the entitlement question of unearned land value increments, minimize social welfare lossesin farmland protection, and add planning/policy flexibility to cope with future development uncertainty. Finally, we illustrate the challenges in policy choices and the importance of the political will/determination of top leaders at all levels of government in undertaking radical and fundamental land policy reforms. Political will/determination would be critical in land policy reforms because leaders will face rising political resistance and huge socioeconomic costs.
Highlights
We will demonstrate that the factors behind the land issues measures include a new law (Property Law 2007), a include land institution setting, gradualism in reforms, ill- constitutional amendment (2004), and executive orders designed policy instruments, one-size-fits-all approaches to and documents
China is experiencing two development trends flexibility to cope with future development uncertainty
We illustrate the challenges in policy choices and the importance of the political will/determination of top leaders at all levels of government in undertaking radical and fundamental land policy reforms
Summary
Land issues have attracted attention in China in recent decades. Land issues involve social unrest and instability derived from land redevelopment and requisition (Lin et al, 2014; Zhang, 2007), public risks in land-based financing of urban infrastructure (Liu, 2010; Lardy, 2010; World Bank and DRC, 2014; Ding et al, 2014), land speculation and hoarding that cause housing bubbles and skyrocketing housing prices (Du and Peiser, 2014), and chaotic and uncoordinated land development resulting from a fragmented land use planning system (Ding, 2009; World Bank, 2008). 3) What are the emerging land issues as the private sector becomes increasingly important and China enters a new urbanization era under the New Urbanization Strategy adopted by the current central government? It will reveal embezzlement, and corruption, have different spending challenges in policy choices and the importance of patterns from on-budget expenditures and cause political will/determination of top leaders at all levels of efficiency losses in pubic finance (Ding et al, 2014).
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