Abstract
Fusarium head blight has posed continuous risks to wheat production worldwide due to its effects on yield, and the fungus provides additional risks with production of toxins. Plant resistance is thought to be the most powerful method. The host plant resistance is complex, Types I–V were reported. From the time of spraying inoculation (Type I), all resistance types can be identified and used to determine the total resistance. Type II resistance (at point inoculation) describes the spread of head blight from the ovary to the other parts of the head. Therefore, it cannot solve the resistance problem alone. Type II QTL (quantitative trait locus) Fhb1 on 3BS from Sumai 3 descendant CM82036 secures about the same resistance level as Type I QTL does on 5AS and 5ASc in terms of visual symptoms, FDK (Fusarium damaged kernel), and deoxynivalenol response. Recently, increasing evidence supports the association of deoxynivalenol (DON) content and low kernel infection with FHB (Fusarium head blight) resistance (Types III and IV), as QTL for individual resistance types has been identified. In plant breeding practice, the role of visual selection remains vital, but the higher correlations for FDK/DON make it possible to select low-DON genotypes via FDK value. For phenotyping, the use of more independent inocula (isolates or mixtures) makes resistance evaluation more reliable. The large heterogeneity of the mapping populations is a serious source of underestimating genetic effects. Therefore, the increasing of homogeneity is a necessity. As no wheat varieties exist with full resistance to FHB, crops must be supported by proper agronomy and fungicide use.
Highlights
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the main diseases of wheat, and the toxins produced by the fungus make it a feared problem
We concentrate on three important points that were not in the centrum of the research, they were rather neglected in the past decades (problems in resistance evaluation, the resistance types, and the phenotyping problems in the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses and recognition of their role in forming genetic responses)
As shown before [5,6], the general praxis is that the artificial inoculations are made nearly exclusively with one inoculum from a single isolate or a mixture of different isolates
Summary
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the main diseases of wheat, and the toxins produced by the fungus make it a feared problem. We concentrate on three important points that were not in the centrum of the research, they were rather neglected in the past decades (problems in resistance evaluation, the resistance types, and the phenotyping problems in the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses and recognition of their role in forming genetic responses). They are important for breeding and Fusarium research in wheat and other small grains. As we have a long experience with working with four or more isolates in a test [5,6], and in all tests, we evaluated visual symptoms as disease index (DI), FDK
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