Update and reassessment of the Miocene carpological flora from the Turów open pit mine of SW Poland and its palaeoenvironmental implications

Early Paleogene plant biomes of the Pacific side of Eurasia

A recently recovered site of plant macrofossils, Ludvíkovice, in the České středohoří Mts. is situated on Sokolí vrch hill, belonging to the Děčín Formation (radiometrically dated to 30.8–24.7 Ma), according to regional stratigraphy. The flora has yielded a fern, Rumohra recentior, and several angiosperms, but no conifers. The prevailing foliage is preserved without cuticles. Noteworthy are records of Daphnogene cinnamomifolia, Laurophyllum cf. acutimontanum, Platanus neptuni, Sloanea artocarpites, Carya fragiliformis / C. quadrangula, Alnus rhenana, Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides, Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis and cf. Quercus sp. Several foliage specimens of dicots could not be identified to species level, i.e., Leguminophyllum sp., Pungiphyllum cf. cruciatum and Dicotylophyllum sp. div. The fossil plant assemblage of Ludvíkovice corresponds to zonal mesophytic vegetation accompanied by riparian elements. This is corroborated by the Integrated Plant Record vegetation analysis, which reconstructs a zonal broad-leaved evergreen forest similar to the living broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest from Southern Hunan and Northern Guangxi in SE China. The vegetation thrived under a humid climate characterized by average values of MAT (14.6–24.1 °C), WMMT (24.7–28.3 °C), CMMT (2.2–18.8 °C) and MAP (979–1724 mm). The fossil flora of Ludvíkovice is similar in composition to the floras of Markvartice, Veselíčko, also from the Oligocene Děčín Formation of the České středohoří Mts. and the Hrazený hill.

<p>The Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve in 3A different type community (deciduous broad-leaved forest, Evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, Evergreen broad-leaved forest) under purple ear fargesia (<em>Fargesia decurvata</em> J.L.Lu) Young are of Growth Development Research. Results display: (1) Deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest under the purple ear fargesia shooting of early and long duration 110 d Shooting large shooting rate is high; evergreen broad-leaved forest under the shooting of late and short duration 88 D Shooting less shooting rate low; evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in the shooting of maximum. (2) Shooting period is divided 3A stage: early stage and the end the community in purple ear fargesia into each period of time have difference evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in the first to enter the shooting stage deciduous broad-leaved forest followed by evergreen broad-leaved forest. Shooting stage is also back are the peak back are rate of size for: evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest > Deciduous broad-leaved forest>Evergreen broad-leaved forest. (3) The same community crown layer environment under purple ear fargesia Different Period Unearthed of young are ground diameter no significant difference. In deciduous broad-leaved forest and evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest canopy environment in the Period Unearthed of young are ground diameter between no significant difference but were significantly greater than the evergreen broad-leaved forest (<em>P</em> < 0.05). (4) Purple ear fargesia young are unearthed after 80 d About complete high growth process and in line Logistic Equation was Slow-Fast-Slow Of growth trend. High growth rate for: evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest > Deciduous broad-leaved forest > Evergreen broad-leaved forest and difference significant (<em>P</em> < 0.05). (5) Purple ear understory of bamboo cloning reproduction and ramet density between have close relationship. With the ramets density of increase shooting quantity increase bamboo quantity reduce. This study show that different Community crown layer environment under purple ear bamboo growth development significant difference in evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in development best evergreen broad-leaved forest in development worst, population density of bamboo of update development the important regulation role.</p>

The canopy structures and light conditions and the population characteristics of Fargesia decurvata, a dominant understory species, were investigated in three typical communities, i.e., deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest. The results showed that with the succession from deciduous broad-leaved forest to evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and to evergreen broad-leaved forest, the Shannon index, Simpson index and Pielou index were increased, suggesting that the development of communities in Jinfo Mountains tended to be stable. Moreover, canopy structures were significantly changed, in that the canopy openness and mean leaf angle decreased, leaf area index increased, and canopy extinction ability enhanced, resulting in the decrease of light intensity under the canopy. The upper canopy was the main contributor for canopy closure, with the crown depth and crown area of canopy being the two main influencing factors. Moreover, canopy structures were significantly correlated with light conditions in the forest, with the greatest influence on the diffuse solar radiation. With the growth season coming, canopy openness and understory light conditions were decreased, while leaf area index increased, and their maximum values appeared in June or July in the three forest types. The maximum and minimum value of mean leaf angle appeared in spring and summer, respectively. Clonal growth of F. decurvata was closely related to canopy structures and light conditions. In evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest with moderate light, F. decurvata grew best, with high and thick ramets, high ramet density (29.69±1.68 ind·m-2) and high ability to expand rhizomes. In deciduous broad-leaved forest, the strong light condition caused the reduction of soil water might have effects on the growth of F. decurvata. However, in the evergreen broad-leaved forest with low light condition, ramets of F. decurvata tended to be short and thin, with low ramet density (5.80±1.16 ind·m-2) and the clonal expansion ability. Those results suggested that forest succession would change canopy structures and understory light conditions. Low understory light conditions prohibited the regeneration and development of F. decurvata population.

Aims: Pinus yunnanesis is commercially, culturally and economically important, but there is a lack of ecological data on its role in stand dynamics. Our aims are to clarify the structure, composition, regeneration and growth trends of primary mature P. yunnanensis forests. Study area: The Tianchi National Nature Reserve in the Xuepan Mountains, Yunlong County, northwestern Yunnan, China. Methods: We investigated forests containing P. yunnanensis, measured tree ages and analyzed the data. Results: Six forest types were identified: (1) coniferous forest: Pinus yunnanensis (Type 1); (2) mixed coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forest: P. yunnanensis-Lithocarpus variolosus (Type 2); (3) mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest: P. yunnanensis-Quercus griffithii (Type 3); (4) mixed evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous forest: Castanopsis orthacantha-P. yunnanensis-Schima argentea (Type 4); (5) mixed coniferous, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest: Pinus yunnanensis-Schima argentea-Quercus griffithii (Type 5); (6) mixed coniferous and evergreen broad-leaved forest: Pinus armandii-Quercus rehderiana-Pinus yunnanensis (Type 6). The size- and age-structure and regeneration patterns of P. yunnanensis were highly variable within these six forest types. P. yunnanensis regeneration was well balanced in forest Type 1 as compared to the other five types. All six forest types were identified as rare and old-growth with P. yunnaensis trees reaching ages of more than 105 years (a maximum age of 165 years with a diameter 116 cm at breast height) except for the Type 4 forest (a 90-year-old stand). Growth rates of P. yunnanensis, based upon ring width measurements, were high for the first 10 years, then declined after the 10th year. In contrast, basal area increment (BAI) increased for the first 25 years, plateaued, and only declined as trees became older. Trees in the older age classes grew more quickly than younger trees at the same age, a consequence of either site quality or competitive differences. The BAI of P. yunnanensis in all age classes in the Tianchi National Nature Reserve was much higher than those of the secondary and degraded natural P. yunnanensis forests of other areas. Conclusions: The P. yunnanensis forests of the Tianchi area appear to be some of the last remnants of primeval and old-growth forests of this species. These forests are structurally diverse and contain a rich diversity of overstory, mid-story, and understory species. Taxonomic reference: Editorial Committee of Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (1959–2004) for vascular plants. Abbreviations: BA = basal area; BAI = basal area increment; DBH = diameter at breast height; H = height; RBA = relative basal area.

Herpetofauna of opencast mines is poorly known and no comprehensive research has been previously carried out in this field. On the example of Lower Silesia this study aims to investigate this fauna. Observations, conducted in 22 different opencast mines in the eastern, lowland part of Lower Silesia (SW Poland), resulted in identification of a total of 19 species (14 amphibian species and 5 reptile species). No differences in the species composition, taking into account the exploited minerals, were found but the herpetofauna differ slightly after dividing the opencast mines into sandpits and quarries. Some species were recorded exclusively either in sandpits or in quarries. We also found statistically significant differences in the composition of herpetofauna and separately amphibian species as taking into account the status of exploitation of opencast mines. One species occurred primarily in exploited mines and four only in abandoned ones. No statistical differences between the number of species in exploited, recently abandoned and long since abandoned opencast mines.

Cenozoic vegetation and climate change in Anatolia — A study based on the IPR-vegetation analysis

The Oligocene palaeontological locality on Matrý Hill near Sebuzín in the České středohoří Mts., North Bohemia, belongs to the Děčín Formation and is dated to 30.8-24.7 Ma according to the regional stratigraphy. It has yielded, in addition to insects from the Heteroptera group, a fossil bee Apis petrefacta and palaeobatrachid frogs, also numerous plant remains. Their recovery began in 1996. The plant fossil assemblage consists mostly of leaf impressions, occasionally accompanied by casts or impressions of fruits. Noteworthy are records of a fern Woodwardia muensteriana, conifers Pinus cf. rigios, P. cf. hepios, Calocedrus suleticensis, Tetraclinis salicornioides, Torreya bilinica, cf. Cephalotaxus parvifolia and numerous angiosperms, e.g. Liriodendron haueri, Daphnogene cinnamomifolia, Platanus neptuni, Cercidiphyllum crenatum, Sloanea artocarpites, Ulmus pyramidalis, Celtis pirskenbergensis, Carya fragiliformis, C. quadrangula, Betula brongniartii, B. dryadum, Alnus rhenana, A. cf. kefersteinii, Carpinus grandis, Ostrya atlantidis, Acer crenatifolium, A. cf. palaeosaccharinum, A. integrilobum and Craigia bronnii. Several angiosperm foliage specimens of both monocots and dicots have not yet been identified to a particular genus and species. The fossil plant assemblage at Matrý corresponds to two vegetation types, i.e. a zonal riparian forest and zonal mixed mesophytic forest, as corroborated by the Integrated Plant Record vegetation analysis. The vegetation thrived under a humid climate, characterized by average values of MAT (13.4 °C), WMMT (23.8 °C), CMMT (3.6 °C) and MAP (1,117 mm). The Matry fossil flora is similar in composition to the flora of Žichov from the same Oligocene Děčín Formation in the České středohoří Mts.

The Integrated Plant Record vegetation analysis of Early Miocene assemblages from the Most Basin (Czech Republic)

Mining industry faces new technological and economic challenges which need to be overcome in order to raise it to a new technological level in accordance with the ideas of Industry 4.0. Mining companies are searching for new possibilities of optimizing and automating processes, as well as for using digital technology and modern computer software to aid technological processes. Every stage of deposit management requires mining engineers, geologists, surveyors, and environment protection specialists who are involved in acquiring, storing, processing, and sharing data related to the parameters describing the deposit, its exploitation and the environment. These data include inter alia: geometries of the deposit, of the excavations, of the overburden and of the mined mineral, borders of the support pillars and of the buffer zones, mining advancements with respect to the set borders, effects of mining activities on the ground surface, documentation of landslide hazards and of the impact of mining operations on the selected elements of the environment. Therefore, over the life cycle of a deposit, modern digital technological solutions should be implemented in order to automate the processes of acquiring, sharing, processing and analyzing data related to deposit management. In accordance with this idea, the article describes the results of a measurement experiment performed in the Mikoszów open-pit granite mine (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) with the use of mobile LiDAR systems. The technology combines active sensors with automatic and global navigation system synchronized on a mobile platform in order to generate an accurate and precise geospatial 3D cloud of points.

OC/EC from PM10 in the vicinity of Turów lignite open-pit mine (SW Poland): Carbon isotopic approach

Open-cast mining is related to interference in the natural environment. It also affects human health and quality of life. This influence is, among others, dependent on the type of extracted materials, size of deposit, methods of mining and mineral processing, as well as, equally important, sensitivity of the environment within which mining is planned. The negative effects of mining include deformations of land surface or contamination of soils, air and water. What is more, in many cases, mining for minerals leads to clearing of housing and transport infrastructures located within the mining area, a decrease in values of the properties in the immediate vicinity of a deposit, and an increase in stress levels in local residents exposed to noise. The awareness of negative consequences of taking up open-cast mining activity leads to conflicts between a mining entrepreneur and self-government authorities, society or nongovernment organisations. The article attempts to identify potential social and environmental conflicts that may occur in relation to a planned mining activity. The results of the analyses were interpreted with respect to the deposits which were or have been mined. That enabled one to determine which facilities exclude mineral mining and which allow it. The research took the non-energy mineral resources into consideration which are included in the group of solid minerals located in one of the districts of Lower Silesian Province (SW Poland). The spatial analyses used the tools available in the geographical information systems

We estimated aboveground biomass carbon (T ABC) and net carbon accumulation rates (T NEP) for trees in four major forest types based on national forest inventory data collected in 1994–1998 and 1999–2003. The four types were Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, hard broad-leaved evergreen forest and soft broad-leaved evergreen forest. We analyzed variations in T ABC and T NEP for five stand ages (initiation, young, medium, mature and old). In both time periods, estimated T ABC in all four forest types increased consistently with forest stand age and the oldest stage had the largest T ABC compared with other stages. Broad-leaved forests (hard and soft) had higher T ABC than needle-leaved forests (Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata) for each of the five age stages. The difference of T ABC between broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests increased with forest stand age. Comparison of estimated T NEP by age category indicated T NEP increased from the initiation stage to the young stage, and then decreased from the mature stage to old stage in all four forest types. T NEP for any particular stage depended on the forest type; for instance, broad-leaved forests at both the mature and old stages had greater T NEP than in needle-leaved forests. A logistic curve was applied to fit the relationship between T ABC and forest stand age. In each period, correlations in all four forest types were all statistically significant (P < 0.01) with R 2 > 0.95. T ABC was therefore predicted by these regression functions from 2000 to 2050 and the mean T NEP during the predicted period was estimated to be about 41.14, 31.53, 75.50 and 75.68 g C m−2 a−1 in Pinus massoniana forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, hard broad-leaved forest and soft broad-leaved forest, respectively. Results from both forest inventory and regression prediction suggest broad-leaved forests are greater carbon sinks, and hence have greater carbon sequestration ability especially in the mature and old stages when compared to needle-leaved forests. Broad-leaved forests should have high levels of carbon sequestration when compared with needle-leaved forests in south China.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 紫耳箭竹克隆形态可塑性对典型冠层结构及光环境的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201710161859 作者: 作者单位: 西南大学生命科学学院，三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,西南大学生命科学学院，三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,西南大学生命科学学院，三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,西南大学生命科学学院，三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,西南大学生命科学学院，三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,西南大学生命科学学院，三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室，西南大学生命科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31570612） Response of clonal morphological plasticity of Fargesia decurvata to different forest canopy structures and light conditions Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University,,,,,,Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Science, Southwest University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在重庆金佛山国家自然保护内，选择了3种典型群落类型（落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林），使用Hemiview数字植物冠层分析系统量化群落冠层结构和光环境特征，并对林下紫耳箭竹（Fargesia decurvata）的形态可塑性特征进行调查，分析冠层结构和光环境特征改变下紫耳箭竹形态可塑性的差异，并探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：（1）随着落叶阔叶林→常绿落叶阔叶混交林→常绿阔叶林演替的进行，群落的冠层开度降低，叶面积指数增加，平均叶倾角变小，趋于水平化，冠层对光的截获能力提高，林下光照的强度降低（P < 0.05）。（2）随着光照强度的降低，紫耳箭竹分株矮小化，叶片变窄，生物量积累降低，但通过增大比茎长、叶面积率和比叶面积提高对光的利用效率，并增大分枝角度和比隔长有效适应弱光环境。（3）在光照条件差的常绿阔叶林下，紫耳箭竹降低对地下茎的投资，将较多的生物量用于秆的增高增长和叶片的生长；而在光照条件好的落叶阔叶林环境下，紫耳箭竹降低对枝、叶生物量的分配，则加大对地下茎的投资，可认为是克隆植物对水分资源所表现的一种觅食行为。研究表明，紫耳箭竹种群随着冠层结构的改变发生了明显的可塑性变化，这些可塑性变化是种群对冠层结构和光环境差异的适应性反应的结果，有利于增强种群对异质生境中光资源的获取和利用；群落内部可以通过调控冠层结构的改变协调和控制小径竹种群的发展。 Abstract:Clonal morphological plasticity, closely related to the maintenance and regeneration of populations, is the ability for a plant to adapt to a changing environment. In a field experiment, the Hemiview digital canopy analysis system was used to measure the canopy structures (canopy openness, CO; leaf area index, LAI; mean leaf angle, MLA) and light conditions (direct solar radiation under canopy, Dir; diffuse solar radiation under canopy, Dif; Total solar radiation under canopy, Tot) in three typical forest types (deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest) in Jinfo Mountains National Nature Reserve, Chongqing. The clonal morphological plasticity of understory dwarf bamboo, Fargesia decurvata, was also measured. Moreover, the relationship between canopy structure and morphological plasticity of F. decurvata was discussed. The results showed that:(1) With the development of forest succession, the CO and MLA decreased, but LAI increased, resulting in the increase in light interception capability of forest canopy and the decrease in the light intensity under forest canopy (P < 0.05). (2) Forest canopy condition had a significant effect on the morphological plasticity of F. decurvata ramets. With the decrease in light intensity, the culm height, basal diameter, leaf area, and biomass of F. decurvata ramets decreased. However, decreased light intensity can increase the specific culm length, leaf area ratio, and specific leaf area to improve the utilization efficiency of light and increase the branch angle of spacer and specific spacer length to adapt to low light environments. (3) Under the low light environment in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, F. decurvata reduced its investment in rhizome but allocated more biomass for culm and leaf growth. However, in the deciduous broad-leaved forest, F. decurvata reduced the allocation of branches and leaves and increased the investment in rhizome growth (spacer length and diameter), which can be considered as a foraging behavior to searching much more water resources. These results suggested that the morphological plasticity of F. decurvata underwent significant change in different forest canopies, which is the result of adaptive response to different forest canopy structures and light conditions and enhances the ability to acquire and utilize light resources in heterogeneous light environments. Moreover, the communities may be able to coordinate and control the development of dwarf bamboo by controlling the change of canopy structures and light conditions. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

In this paper, the author attempts to clarify the regional difference in the distribution of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests and the causal factors involved, from the viewpoint of “mesoscale” which corresponds to the same scale as mesoclimate, in the southern part of the Boso Peninsula in eastern Japan. The study area is located at the northern limit of the dominant area of evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests (Castanopsis, Quercus coppice forests) along the coast of the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1). Summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests (Quercus coppice forests) are also dominant in the area.A distinct areal difference was found in the distribution of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests in the study area at a mesoscale extension. The evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests were dominant along the Pacific coast while the summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests in the inland area (Fig. 2).The principal causal factors forming such areal difference of these forests were not artificial factors such as the intensity of cutting (Figs. 3-5), nor past land-use as grassland (Fig. 6) but apparently one or more natural ones, in particular, the temperature during winter half year (Figs. 7-9). From our ecological knowledge of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved trees, the higher the temperature is during the dormant season (From November to April), the greater the surplus production of evergreen trees is. Evergreen trees can store the production for shoot elongation in spring. Thus the competitive ability of evergreen trees against summer-green trees in the secondary forest canopy is strengthened as the cumulative temperature condition during the winter bud season becomes warmer along an areal cline.Therefore, I can conclude that the mesoscale areal defference of the secondary forests is determined principally by the cumulative temperature during the winter bud season. In fact, the distributional pattern of evergreen and summer-green broad-leaved secondary forests corresponds to that of the monthly cumulative temperature during the winter bud season. The boundary between the dominant areas of each forest type coincides with the 52 [°C·month] isobar (Figs. 2 and 9). Furthermore, summer-green broad-leaved forests are now more frequent in areas that were used as grasslands in the 1890's rather than in areas that were used as woodlands at that time, especially in the transitional zone between the dominant areas of each forest type (Fig. 10). This fact also suggests that the areal difference discussed above is determined not by artificial factors but by one or more natural ones.