Unveiling the Differences in GABA Enrichment Capacity and Metabolite Profiles of Two Genotypes of Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Heat and Relative Humidity Treatment

Mesenchymal cells (MSCs) in bone marrow (BM) may produce asparagine and form protective niches for leukemic cells. In vitro, this led to high levels of asparagine and conferred asparaginase resistance to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MSCs or other cells in BM indeed produce such significant amounts of asparagine in vivo as to result in clinical asparaginase resistance. Twenty-six patients with newly diagnosed ALL were enrolled. All children received induction chemotherapy according to the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) ALL-10 protocol. Asparaginase was administered from days 12-33. Asparaginase, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid levels were measured in BM and blood at diagnosis, days 15, 33, and 79. Median asparaginase trough levels were not significantly different at days 15 and 33. Only at diagnosis, asparagine level was significantly higher in BM than in blood (P = 0.001). Asparagine levels were all below the lower limit of quantification in BM and blood at days 15 and 33. However, aspartic acid level in BM was significantly higher than in blood (P < 0.001) at diagnosis, and also at days 15, 33, and 79. We demonstrate higher aspartic acid levels in BM compared to blood; however, no increased asparagine levels were seen during induction therapy containing asparaginase in BM when compared to blood. Therefore, increased asparagine synthesis by MSCs is of relevance for resistance to asparaginase of leukemic cells in vitro, but it is questionable whether this leads to asparaginase resistance in childhood ALL patients.

Dry bean producers in Ontario, Canada, have few herbicide options available for annual broad‐leaved weed management and there is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to linuron. The tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre‐emergence (PRE) application of linuron at the rates of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha−1 was evaluated in field studies conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Exeter and in 2006 at Ridgetown, Ontario. The four market classes differed in their response to linuron. Cranberry and kidney bean were more tolerant to the PRE application of linuron than black and white bean. Linuron applied PRE caused as much as 12% injury in cranberry and kidney bean, 47% injury in black bean, and 56% injury in white bean. Linuron applied PRE at 500–2500 g ai ha−1 had no effect on the height of cranberry and kidney bean but decreased the height by 7, 8, and 15% in black bean and by 10, 13, and 23% in white bean at 1500, 2000, and 2500 g ai ha−1, respectively. Linuron applied PRE at the rates evaluated did not cause any adverse affect on the yield of cranberry, kidney, and white bean but black bean yield was reduced by 16% at 2500 g ai ha−1. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE application of linuron in black and white bean at rates &gt;1000 g ai ha−1. However, there is a potential for the use of linuron PRE for weed management in cranberry and kidney bean at the rates evaluated.

A total of twelve field trials (6 with kidney bean and 6 with white bean) were conducted over a three-year period (2010 to 2012) at various locations in Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of kidney and white bean to imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), and postemergence (POST) at 37.5, 75 and 150 g·ai·ha-1. Imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE in kidney or white bean caused 0%-1%, 0%-4%, and 0%-9% injury at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after application (WAA), respectively. However, the injury was transient and had no adverse effect on shoot dry weight, height, seed moisture content, and yield of kidney or white bean except for shoot dry weight which was reduced 32% with imazethapyr applied PPI compared to the weed free control in white bean. Imazethapyr applied POST in kidney or white bean caused as much as 17%, 18%, and 11% injury at 1, 2, and 4 WAA, respectively. There was no adverse effect on shoot dry weight, height, seed moisture content, and yield of kidney or white bean except for imazethapyr applied POST which increased seed moisture content 1.9% compared to the weed free control in white bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety in dry bean to imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE at 37.5 or 75 g·ai·ha-1 in kidney and white beans. However, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for imazethapyr applied POST at rates higher than 37.5 g·ai·ha-1 in kidney and white bean.

Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an important legume source of carbohydrates, proteins, and bioactive molecules and thus have attracted increasing attention for their high nutritional value and sustainability. Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in kidney beans account for a high proportion and have a significant impact on their biological functions. Herein, we critically update the information on kidney bean varieties and factors that influence the physicochemical properties of carbohydrates, proteins, and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, their extraction methods, structural characteristics, and health regulatory effects, such as the regulation of intestinal health and anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects, are also summarized. This review will provide suggestions for further investigation of the structure of kidney bean NSPs, their relationships with biological functions, and the development of NSPs as novel plant carbohydrate resources.

Molecular identification and technological characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented kidney beans flours (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus) in northwestern Argentina

Low glycemic index (GI) diet has been considered as a strategy for type II diabetes patients. In the present study, the phenolics profile, α-amylase inhibitor activities, starch composition as well as the glycemic index of seven varieties of kidney beans were studied. An enzymatic inhibitory reaction model was employed to determine the α-amylase inhibitor activity, and the in vitro digestion model coupled with the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry method was adopted to evaluate the starch composition and glycemic index. The results showed that gallic acid was dominant in kidney beans, and the colored beans contained more phenolics than the white ones. In addition, the α-amylase inhibitor activities of kidney beans ranged from 1.659 ± 0.050 to 4.162 ± 0.049 U/g DW, among which the Y2 variety was the top-ranked. Furthermore, kidney beans starch demonstrated brilliant resistance to digestion with the contribution of resistant starch to total starch between 70.90 ± 0.39% and 83.12 ± 0.42%. Eventually, these kidney beans were categorized as low GI foods, which ranged from 32.47 ± 0.13 to 52.99 ± 0.56, the resistant starch makes dominant contribution to the low GI. These results indicate that kidney beans can be served as ingredients in functional low GI foods.

There is little information on the tolerance of dry bean to pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE). Five field studies were conducted over a two-year period (2009 and 2010) in major dry bean growing areas in Ontario, Canada to evaluate tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE at 1080 and 2160 g ai ha-1. There was minimal injury in various market classes of dry bean with pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE at 1080 or 2160 g ai ha-1 1 and 2 weeks after emergence (WAE). However, pendimethalin applied PRE caused slightly greater injury than pendimethalin applied PPI at 4 WAE. Pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE at 1080 or 2160 g ai ha-1 had no adverse effect on height of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean except with pendimethalin at 2160 g ai ha-1 which decreased plant height 2% at Exeter and Ridgetown in 2009 and 2010. Pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE at 1080 or 2160 g ai ha-1 had no adverse effect on shoot dry weight of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean. Yield of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean was not adversely affected with pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE at 1080 or 2160 g ai ha-1 but there were differences between seed yield of various market classes of dry bean. Based on these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety for pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE at the proposed rate of 1080 g ai ha-1 in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean in Ontario. Key words: Black bean, cranberry bean, kidney bean, navy bean, pendimethalin, Phaseolus vulgaris L., white bean.

Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), locally known as Rajma, is popular from the Terai to the Hills of Nepal. Its current national productivity is low at 1.2 t/ha, and stagnant due to the limited availability of high-yielding varieties, inappropriate sowing times, and suboptimal agronomic practices. To address this gap and identify promising genotypes for varietal release, a series of multi-year trials were conducted during the winters of 2022/23 and 2023/24 in the Grain Legumes Research Program (GLRP), Khajura, Banke, Nepal. These trials included an Observation Nursery (OBN) with 24 genotypes, a Coordinated Varietal Trial (CVT) with 12 genotypes, and a Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) trial with 5 genotypes. The trials revealed genotypic variability in key agronomic traits including flowering and maturity duration, plant height, pod number, and seed weight. The results from the OBN indicated that PDR-14, Ramechhap#2, and COLL#14 were the highest yielders in 2022/23, while PDR-14 and COLL#3 performed best in 2023/24. In CVT, Chitra showed the consistently highest seed yield (2037–2762 kg/ha) in both the years 2022/23 and 2023/24. In the combined result, Chitra recorded the highest seed yield (2399 kg/ha), followed by PDR-14 (2193 kg/ha) and Panta-2 (1988 kg/ha). Under PVS, Arun-2 achieved the highest combined seed yield (3205 kg/ha), indicating its superior productivity and adaptability. Similarly, Utkarsh and Ambar also performed well, producing 3062 and 2802 kg/ha, respectively. The consistent performance of genotypes like PDR-14, Arun-2, Chitra, and Amber in both years indicated them as candidate varieties for release for general cultivation to enhance the production and productivity of kidney bean in Nepal.

The third-largest land plant family, Fabaceae (Papilionaceae), includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants containing both numerous beneficial constituents (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fibre) and antinutrients (e.g., saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins). The consumption of leguminous plants allows sports people to complete their requirements for nourishment but, on the other hand, it contributes to digestive system ailments. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to review the experimental articles and patents referring to the application of common (kidney) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-based nutritional products for athletes. The survey of the literature was carried out according to PRISMA statements by browsing Scopus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases, as well as Google Scholar, Google Patents and Espacenet Patent Search engines using factorial combinations of the following keywords: (‘common bean’ or ‘kidney bean’ or ‘Phaseolus vulgaris’) and (‘athlete’ or ‘sport’) and (‘food’ or ‘nutrition’ or ‘diet’). Altogether, 84 patents issued in the years 1995–2023 were noted. The majority of patents were developed by research teams consisting of at least four authors representing scientists affiliated in the United States of America and China. The patents refer to the production of food ingredients, nutritional products, and compositions: (i) for relieving fatigue, enhancing endurance, and increasing muscle mass and strength, (ii) for maintaining physical and mental health, and (iii) for controlling body weight. Moreover, the analysis of 19 original articles indicated the substantial acceptability of meals containing the common bean. To summarize, the performed investigations demonstrate the considerable use of Phaseolus vulgaris in sport nutrition and the growing acceptance of this trend.

Purpose. To determine the yield and quality of different kidney bean varieties. Methods. Field (determination of yield); laboratory (determination of the 1000 kernel weight and the protein and starch content in grain); mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. On average, over two years of research, the highest yield (3.31 t/ha) was obtained in ‘Podolianka’ variety, while the lowest (1.02 t/ha) in ‘Dvadesiatytsia’. The yield at the level of 2.04–2.72 t/ha was obtained in varieties ‘Bilosnizhka’, ‘Pervomaiska’, ‘Oniks’, ‘Bukovynka’, ‘Mavka’, ‘Zhuravka’, and ‘Shchedra’. However, the yield was 22–62% lower compared to ‘Podolianka’ variety. The yield of the rest studied varieties varied from 1.29 to 1.81 t/ha. The highest 1000 kernel weight was obtained in ‘Podolianka’ and ‘Bukovynka’ varieties (230 and 245 g, respectively). This indicator was the lowest in ‘Zlatko’ and ‘Dvadesiatytsia’, 106 and 113 g, respectively. In the rest of studied varieties, 1000 kernel weight ranged between 123 and 210 g. The highest protein content of 30.2% was obtained in ‘Onyx’ variety. In ‘Zhuravka’ and ‘Podolianka’ varieties, the protein content was 27.0–27.2%. The lowest protein content of 19.4% was obtained in the grain of ‘Dvadesiatytsia' variety. In the rest of varieties, this indicator was 20.0–26.0%. At the same time, the stability index of protein content formation was high – 0.94–0.99. The protein content of kidney bean grains in 2022 was higher (19.7–30.4%) and in 2021 lower (19.1–30.0%). The content of starch in kidney bean grains changed inversely proportional to the protein content, i.e., in 2021, this indicator was higher and in 2022 lower. However, the starch content changed little depending on the year, as the stability index was high and ranged between 0.97 and 0.99. Conclusions. The highest yield of 3.10–3.52 t/ha was obtained in ‘Podolianka’ variety. At the same time, the content of protein and starch in the grain was 26.4–28.0 and 40.5–41.5%, respectively; the 1000 kernel weight was 219–241 g. The highest protein content was in ‘Onyx’ variety – 30.0–30.4% for the yield of 2.00–2.64 t/ha. At the same time, 1000-kernel weight in this variety was 146–164 g. Kidney bean varieties react differently to weather conditions as the yield stability index varied between 0.52 and 0.88. However, the stability index for the formation of protein content was high – 0.94–0.99.

Recent advances in the study of the nutritional toxicity of kidney bean ( [formula omitted]) lections in rats

Five field experiments were conducted in Ontario to determine the tolerance of dry beans to pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (527 and 1054 g ai ha-1) applied preplant. Pyraflufen-ethyl at 6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1 caused &amp;lt; 2% injury in azuki, kidney, small red, and white bean. 2,4-D ester at 520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean; up to 5 and 12% injury in kidney bean; up to 7 and 12% injury in small red bean; and up to 5 and 8% injury in white bean, respectively. Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester at 527 and 1054 g ai ha-1 caused up to 4 and 6% injury in azuki bean; 5 and 11% injury in kidney bean; 7 and 13% injury in small red bean; and 5 and 10% injury in white bean, respectively. Pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 and 13.4 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 and 1040.6 g ai ha-1) or their combination applied preplant caused no adverse effect on dry bean stand, aboveground dry biomass, height, seed moisture content, or yield except for 2,4-D (2X rate) and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (2X rate) which reduced dry bean aboveground biomass as much as 32% and plant height up to 28%. This study concludes that pyraflufen-ethyl (6.7 g ai ha-1), 2,4-D ester (520.3 g ai ha-1), and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester (527 g ai ha-1) applied preplant is safe to use for weed management in azuki, kidney, small red, and white bean. However, care must be taken to avoid spray overlaps with 2,4-D ester and pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D ester to avoid unacceptable dry bean injury.

There is limited information on the sensitivity of dry bean to dimethenamid-p, saflufenacil and a preformulated mixture of dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil. Field trials were conducted at Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the tolerance of four market classes of dry bean to dimethenamid-p, saflufenacil and dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil applied preemergence (PRE) at the 1X and 2X manufacturer’s recommended rate in soybean. Dimethenamid-p, saflufenacil and dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil applied PRE caused 0% - 2%, 20% - 31% and 34% - 45% injury in dry bean, respectively. Dimethenamid-p (220 and 440 g ai ha-1) caused no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, height and yield of black, white, adzuki and kidney bean. Saflufenacil (25 and 50 g ai ha-1) or dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil (245 and 490 g ai ha-1) reduced plant stand 53% - 70%, shoot dry weight 61% - 81%, height 26% - 48% and yield 40% - 61% of black and white bean. However, saflufenacil applied alone or in combination with dimethenamid-p at the 1X or 2X rates caused no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, height and yield of adzuki and kidney bean except with dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil at the 2X rate which reduced plant stand 38% in kidney bean, shoot dry weight 46% in adzuki bean and 42% in kidney bean, and yield 29% in kidney bean. Based on these results, saflufenacil and dimethenamid-p/saflufenacil applied PRE at the proposed rate of 25 and 245 g ai ha-1, respectively does have an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in black and white bean. Further research is needed to ascertain the margin of crop safety in kidney and adzuki bean.

Response of four market classes of dry bean to mesotrione soil residues

In order to clarify the differences of plant types and their relationships with some morphological characteristics of stem, petiole and leaf, length of petiole, angle of petiole inclination and leaf area of a compound leaf on each node were measured for two varieties in soybean, three varieties in azuki bean and four varieties in kidney bean, grown under the low population density (60cm × 45cm, singling). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Each variety could be grouped into three different plant types according to their mode of the vertical distribution of leaf area. Tokachinagaha (determinate) and Harosoy (indeterminate) in soybean, Maruha No. 1 (late var.) in azuki bean, and Taishoshirokintoki (dwarf), Tokachishirokintoki (determinate, bush) in kidney bean had a greater leaf area distribution towards the top (table type). Takarashozu (early var.) in azuki bean and Kairyo-otebo (indeterminat, viny) in kidney bean had a leaf area distribution which was most abundant in the middle layer and became smaller towards the base and the top (oval type or barrel type). Ofuku (pole type) had a greater leaf area distribution towards the base (triangular type). 2. Angles of petiole inclination changed throughout the growing season in all varieties (examples in soybean are indicated in Fig.2). At the topmost-leaf-expanding stage, there are the specific trends in the vertical distribution of angles (angle of elevation) of petiole inclination; in soybean varieties, number of petioles which showed an upward wider angle increased gradually from the base to the top. In contrast to this, almost all azuki bean and kidney bean varieties except Takarashozu showed the opposite trends with soybean, that is, petioles which had an upward wider angle distributed more in the base than in the top. Takarashozu showed the same mode of distribution at each height. The viny types, Tsurushozu, Tokachishirokintoki and Kairyo-otebo, had more petioles which inclined downward than the non-viny types. 3. There was a highly positive correlation between petiole length and leaf area of a compound leaf on each node. In almost varieties, petiole length and leaf area of a compound leaf are greater on the middle nodes than on the base and the top, but those in Tokachinagaha, determinate type in soybean, became greater towards the top. Thus, the movement of petiole inclination was considered to play the significant role in the vertical distribution of leaf area.