Unstructured spare time and crime: toward an integrative model.

Criminological theorizing over the past half century has shown little convergence or integration. Three strands of criminological theory can be identified: dispositional approaches (emphasizing self-control, social learning, biological, and morality theories), ecological theories (emphasizing the crime consequences of dysfunctional communities), and opportunity theories (focusing primarily on places and artifacts that enable or facilitate crime). The discipline’s progress has not resulted in a convergence of theoretical propositions. This article offers a potential route toward reconciling these approaches, provisionally termed the Unstructured Spare Time model of crime. It begins with an overview of relevant criminological theories and highlights enduring tensions between individual- and opportunity-based approaches. It then reviews previous integrative efforts, noting their contributions and limitations. The Unstructured Spare Time model is introduced as a conceptual bridge among these traditions. The model posits that unstructured spare time, at the level of individuals, geographic areas, and time periods, is shaped by personal factors, broader social changes, and the spatial organization of cities and towns. This unstructured time, in turn, influences both individual readiness for crime and the availability of crime opportunities. The model advances a dynamic view of how time-use patterns mediate the relationship between personal traits, community conditions, structural factors, and exposure to and engagement in crime. Its central contribution lies in focusing explanation and, by extension, prevention and intervention strategies on a single, observable factor: unstructured spare time. The article summarizes empirical support from recent studies and concludes by outlining directions for future research and refinement of the model.

This article examines the association of unstructured spare time with individual differences in crime and crime trends, highlighting the need for an unstructured spare time model in criminology. Much of what we previously understood as the direct association of traditional predictors of crime such as self-control, parental supervision, or peer influence with crime, may be mediated by individuals’ unstructured spare time. The article presents two studies: one examining individual differences in youth crime, and another analysing crime trends. These studies provide evidence that the direct and mediating associations of spare time with offending and deviance may surpass those of self-control, parental supervision, and peer influence. Additionally, temporal variations in spare time appear to be associated with changes in crime.

The purpose of this paper is formulating the comprehensive model for identify factors that have impact on development of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in Iranian petrol national company. To achieve the purpose mentioned above, questionnaire survey method was used. In this research, impacts of five factors such as leadership, personality, structural, cultural and value factor on development of OCB were examined. Results indicate that OCB is high in units and their manager used transformational stale, their employee have personality trait such as emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, also their organizational culture was process oriented, employee oriented, have an open system and loose control. Finally, findings in this research are shown that social capital and organizational justice enhance OCB in organizations. Key words: Leadership factors, personality factors, structural factors, cultural factors, value factors.

Editor's evaluation: Dopaminergic challenge dissociates learning from primary versus secondary sources of information

BackgroundResilience is an essential aspect of wellbeing that plays a major role in undergraduate medical education. Various personal and social factors are known to affect resilience. Empirical evidence remains limited regarding resilience and the personal factors that affect it among undergraduate medical students in an Asian setting. Therefore, this study aims to identify undergraduate medical students’ level of resilience and its relationships to personal factors in Indonesia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students in years 1–6. Respondents were asked to complete three validated questionnaires: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) to measure resilience, the Brief-COPE to assess coping mechanisms, and the Big Five Personality Test to measure five personality dimensions. Descriptive and Pearson’s correlation analyses were completed to explore relationships between each variable. Regression analysis was completed to analyze the extent to which coping mechanisms, personality, and academic achievement explained the variation in resilience scores.ResultsA total of 1040 respondents completed the questionnaires (a 75.42% response rate). Students in both preclinical and clinical stages had quite good levels of resilience and higher scores on adaptive coping mechanisms than on maladaptive coping mechanisms. Adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms, Big Five Personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness), and students’ academic achievement explained 46.9% of students’ resilience scores.ConclusionsAlthough the resilience scores in this study were comparable to resilience scores among undergraduate medical students in other settings, we found that coping mechanisms, personality traits, and academic performance may predict resilience among medical students.

Using the five-factor model of personality, this study investigates the contribution of personality traits to marital adjustment. The sample is composed of 446 couples who completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, which measures the personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as well as the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that self-reported and partner-reported personality traits were significant predictors of self-reported marital adjustment for both men and women. Personality traits were found to contribute to the prediction of marital adjustment over and above the effect of neuroticism. Both interpersonal and intrapersonal factors can influence marital relationships. Prominent intrapersonal factors are personality traits-the emotional, relational, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles of an individual that are assumed to be stable over time (Costa & McCrae,1992). Many studies suggest that specific personality factors can predict marital adjustment. For example, personality factors were better predictors of marital instability measured 4 years later than demographic variables, such as the age, the educational level, or the history of previous divorces of the individual (Bentler & Newcomb, 1978). Relationships between personality factors and marital outcomes have been observed using cross-sectional designs (e.g., Hjemboe & Butcher, 1991; Long & Andrews, 1990; Miller, Lefcourt, Holmes, Ware, & Saleh, 1986; Russell & Wells, 1994; Snyder & Regts, 1990) and longitudinal designs (Bentler & Newcomb, 1978; Karney & Bradbury, 1995; Kelly & Conley, 1987; Kurdek, 1991; Shaver & Brennan, 1992). The criterion variable was marital adjustment scores or marital status (i.e., divorced vs. still married). An individual's level of neuroticism (the negative affectivity and emotional instability) has been the most consistent and powerful personality predictor of relationship outcomes. Self-reported neuroticism frequently was negatively associated with diverse measures of marital adjustment (Buss, 1991; Geist & Gilbert, 1996; Kurdek, 1997). For instance, the results of a broad longitudinal study conducted over 50 years on a sample of 300 couples revealed that the level of neuroticism of both spouses was a key determinant of their marital adjustment (Kelly & Conley, 1987). More specifically, the spouses who divorced and the spouses who were dissatisfied with their union scored higher on neuroticism that was measured before their marriage. Karney and Bradbury (1995) recently emphasized that, considering the huge predictive power of neuroticism, the influence of other personality traits in marital outcomes remains to be investigated, after controlling for the level of neuroticism. Significant relationships also were observed between self-reported marital adjustment and particular personality traits, such as psychotism, agreeableness, and internal locus of control. A high level of psychotism was negatively associated with self-reported marital adjustment, and the other two personality factors were positively associated (Russell & Wells, 1994; Smolen & Spiegel, 1987). Furthermore, personality factors such as perspective taking (the tendency to put oneself in another person's place), emotional expressiveness, and ambivalence in emotional expressiveness also were significant predictors of marital adjustment. The first two related positively to marital adjustment, and the last one related negatively (King, 1993; Long & Andrews, 1990). Finally, outcomes of the personality factor of extraversion offered mixed results. A high level of extraversion was positively related (Richmond, Craig, & Ruzicka, 1991), negatively related (Bentler & Newcomb, 1978; Geist & Gilbert, 1996), and unrelated (Russell & Wells, 1994) to marital adjustment scores. …

SP0094 The Role of Personal and Psychological Factors on the Experience of Health in Patients with Arthritis: Frameworks and Evidence


 To understand the effect of college students' resilience on learning motivation, this study used a questionnaire to investigate the effect of personal protection factors and environmental protective factors in the resilience structure of college students on their learning motivation and to verify the mediating effect of personal protection factors. The study found that: (1) Environmental protective factors in the resilience structure of college students have a facilitative effect on personal protection factors. (2) Sociability and Self-Regulation are not only not significantly related to learners' motivation but also do not have a mediating role. The value of this study is to be the first to explore value of this study is that it is the first to explore the mediating effect of personal protection factors in the structure of resilience and to provide a reference for interventions for students' motivation from the perspective of college students' resilience.

Drawing on theories in sociology and organizational behavior, the authors test the premise that individuals who are disadvantaged and vulnerable due to organizational, structural and personal factors are more likely to be targets of workplace incivility (e.g., kick ‘em when they’re down). Based on a sample of participants (N=1,344) from the General Social Survey (2004), results generally supported our hypotheses. Specifically, when the interpersonal climate of the organization is supportive of incivility (organizational factors), and when individuals have low socio-economic status (structural factors) and low self-esteem (personal factors), they are more likely to be targets of incivility. Further, victims’ self-esteem played an important moderating role (with some exceptions) as the relationships between organizational, structural and personal factors with targeted incivility were stronger when self-esteem was low compared to when it was high.

Background. Socio-political processes exacerbated the problems of psychological assistance to citizens; training of qualified psychologists-therapists. One of the factors of a specialist's personality is the ability for personal change. The goal is to reveal the content of the main factors of personal changes of future psychologists-therapists Methods. The research used the "Big Five" methods; Herzberg's test; "Diagnostics of socio-psychological personality attitudes" (O. Potemkina); "Value questionnaire" (Sh. Schwartz); "Research of volitional self-regulation" (A. Zverkov, E. Eidman); "Diagnostics of motivational orientations in interpersonal communications" (I. Ladanov, V. Urazaeva); "Motivation of professional activity" (K. Zamfir); "Test of social intelligence" (J. Gilford); "Self-Assessment Questionnaire" (V. Stolin, S. Pantileev); "Scale of psychological well-being" (K. Riff) - separate scales from which factors of personal changes were included. Results. As a result of factor analysis using the method of principal components, four factors of personal changes of future psychologists- therapists were identified: 1) "pattern" - tendency to change, voluntary self-control, responsibility, ability to achieve personal success, openness to experience, orientation to the process, independence, universalism, inner type motivation and general self-regulation, social thinking, psychological well-being; 2) "personal-purpose" - social recognition, achievement of personal success, content of work, orientation to results, power, compromise; hedonism, self-control, internal and external positive motivation, self-acceptance; 3) "professional-purpose" - pleasantness, cooperation, work content, process orientation, money; selfishness, kindness, external positive and negative motivation; 4) "pragmatic-humanistic" - extraversion, neuroticism, cooperation, altruism, independence, security, orientation towards acceptance of others, positive relationships. Сonclusion. The process of unfolding individual personal states and traits is the development of the personality, therefore personal changes are the development of the personality. The concept of personal change (personal changes) is generic to the concept of personality development, since the latter involves the specification of personal formations according to the criteria of their complexity and specification, therefore the concepts of change and personality change are different.

Background and Aim: This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of personality traits and identity styles and the five-factor model of personality on life satisfaction and self-efficacy in the face of mental disorders. Method: This research is an applied and correlational study. The main tool for collecting information in this research is five standard questionnaires. The statistical population includes students of the university of Kashan. The sample size in this research is equal to 212 people using Spss Sample power sampling software, and the sampling method in this research is available sampling. The statistical software SPSS and AMOS are used to analyze the questionnaire data of this research. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence between the variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, a simple regression model with a hidden variable has been used to evaluate the research hypotheses. Results: According to this research's findings, personality traits significantly affect life satisfaction, and 42% of the dependent variable (satisfaction with life) variance is explained by the independent variable (personality traits). Identity styles significantly affected life satisfaction, and 63% of the dependent variable (life satisfaction) variance was explained by the independent variable (identity styles). Five personality factors significantly affected life satisfaction, and 70% of the dependent variable (life satisfaction) variance was explained by the independent variable (five personality factors). Personality traits significantly affect self-efficacy, and 49% of the dependent variable (self-efficacy) variance is explained by the independent variable (personality traits). Identity styles significantly affect self-efficacy, and 74% of the dependent variable (self-efficacy) variance is explained by the independent variable (identity styles). Five personality factors significantly affected self-efficacy, and 55% of the dependent variable (self-efficacy) variance was explained by the independent variable (five personality factors). Conclusion: The findings of this research provide valuable information on the effect of personality traits and identity styles and the five-factor model of personality on life satisfaction and self-efficacy of people in the face of mental disorders; life satisfaction can be determined based on personality traits; identity styles and five predicted the personality factor in the statistical population. It is also possible to predict self-efficacy based on the statistical population's personality traits, identity styles, and five personality factors.

Hypertension remains a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In Ghana, evidence indicates a rising prevalence across adult populations, yet little is known about the situation within prisons, where structural, behavioural, and environmental factors may increase vulnerability. This study, therefore, examined the prevalence of hypertension and its correlates among incarcerated individuals in six prison facilities within the Ashanti Region of Ghana, using the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 incarcerated individuals. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements and closed-ended questionnaires. Guided by SCT, descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests, modified Poisson regression with robust standard error, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), were performed with STATA 17 and IBM SPSS AMOS 29. Overall, 27.2% (95% CI: 22.7–31.7) of inmates were hypertensive. This was associated with behavioural factors (such as medication non-adherence, irregular blood pressure monitoring, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, unmanaged stress, inadequate sleep, and failure to follow health advice), personal factors (including low confidence in managing hypertension, limited ability to make lifestyle changes, poor coping of symptom, inadequate knowledge of risks associated with hypertension, and undervaluing a healthy diet), and environmental factors, (such as discomfort discussing hypertension, lack of support for exercise, absence of medication reminders, and inability to seek help). The structural model demonstrated robust fitness (AGFI = 0.911; CFI = 0.943; GFI = 0.915; IFI = 0.921; NFI = 0.901; RMSEA = 0.062), with strong correlations between personal and environmental factors (r = 0.987), behavioural and environmental factors (r = 0.593), and behavioural and personal factors (r = 0.576). Personal factors had the strongest direct effect on hypertension (β = 0.62), followed by behavioural factors (β = 0.33). Hypertension among incarcerated individuals was influenced by interacting behavioural, personal, and environmental correlates within the SCT framework. Addressing this burden requires integrated prison-based interventions that strengthen healthy behaviour, routine blood pressure monitoring, institutional support systems for physical activity, stress management, and access to care. Implementing coordinated health promotion and hypertension management programs within correctional facilities may help reduce the burden of hypertension among this vulnerable population.

Can personality factors predict intelligence?

The main objective of this chapter is to gain an in-depth understanding of the social media addiction construct. For this purpose, prior studies on social media addiction are reviewed. Based on this review the influence of several personal, social, and situational factors on social media addiction are examined. Firstly, personal factors such as demographic characteristics, personality traits, self-esteem, well-being, loneliness, anxiety, and depression are studied for their impact on social media addiction. Next, the social correlates and consequents of social media addiction are identified, namely need for affiliation, subjective norms, personal, professional, and academic life. Lastly, situational factors like amount of social media use and motives of use are inspected. Following the review of literature an empirical study is made to analyze factors that discriminate addicted social media users from non-addicted social media users on the basis of these different factors.

Adaptive performance is defined as the ability of an individual to adapt to a constantly changing environment. As a result of the rapid changes, the current organisations prioritise graduates who have adapted their performance to work. Previous research has shown that factors and personality traits in graduates can influence their adaptive performance. Therefore, this study gives importance to determine the impact of employability and personality factors on adaptive performance. A cross-sectional study was carried out via online questionnaires involving 278 Year 3 students from two public universities. The instruments used included CareerEDGE, five-factor personality, and adaptive work performance and data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. Results revealed that adaptive performance had a significant influence on employability with the dimensions of emotional intelligence and generic skills were found to portray the most significant employability factors that influenced adaptive performance. Particpants from UKM showed emotional intelligence and career development learning factors influenced adaptive performance as compared to participants from UiTM which revealed emotional intelligence as well as generic skills that contributed to adaptive performance. Almost all personality factors but conscientiousness influenced UiTM's adaptive performance. Meanwhile for UKM students, only emotional stability and openness factors were found to significantly influence adaptive performance. The impact of this study verified the vitality of intervention in personality development and employability, particularly dimensions of emotional intelligence, generic skills, and career development learning, in empowering graduates as early preparation for future career.