Unsteady Aerodynamic Lift Force on a Pitching Wing: Experimental Measurement and Data Processing

Abstract

This work discusses the experimental challenges and processing of unsteady experiments for a pitching wing in the low-speed wind tunnel of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The setup used for unsteady experiments consisted of two independent devices: (a) a position control device to steer the pitch angle of the wing, and (b) a pressure measurement device to measure the aerodynamic loads. The position control setup can pitch the wing for a range of frequencies, amplitude, and offset levels. In this work, a NACA-0018 wing profile was used with an aspect ratio of 1.8. The position control and the pressure measurement setups operate independently of each other, necessitating advanced signal processing techniques to synchronize the pitch angle and the lift force. Furthermore, there is a (not well-documented) issue with the (sampling) clock frequency of the pressure measurement setup, which was resolved using a fully automated spectral analysis technique. The wing was pitched using a simple harmonic sine excitation signal at eight different offset levels (between 6° and 21°) for a fixed amplitude variation (std) of 6°. At each offset level, the wing was pitched at five different frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 2 Hz (that correspond to reduced frequencies k ranging from 0.006 to 0.125). All the experiments were conducted at a fixed chord-based Reynolds number of 2.85 × 105. The choice of operating parameters invokes the linear and nonlinear behavior of the wing. The linear unsteady measurements agreed with the analytical results. The unsteady pressure measurements at higher offset levels revealed the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomenon of dynamic stall. This confirms that a nonlinear and dynamic model is required to capture the salient characteristics of the lift force on a pitching wing.