Unrealized Fears: Monitoring Museum Closure and Reopening in the United Kingdom During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

A recurrent complaint of members who attend ESA Annual Meetings is that the large number of concurrent sessions make it impossible to attend all the ones of interest. Symposium Reports from the ESA Annual Meeting is one response to this dilemma. They provide, for those who could not attend, an overview of the symposium presentations and the resulting discussion, as well as a convenient means to identify the presenters. And attendees can review the session! The Editor hopes these Reports are useful, and encourages future Symposium organizers to write Reports for the Bulletin when the presentations are given. For detailed instruction for contributions see: 〈http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/Bulletin.htm#Typ〉. Until recently if one were to ask "who is a scientist?" a common response would be, someone who works at a university or a government agency or in a laboratory. In other words, many of us tend to think of scientists as professionals who have been academically trained and conduct research through the auspices of a research institution, agency, nonprofit organization, or academic institution. Historically, though, individuals from outside this circle of professionals have been instrumental in shaping and contributing to science. In fact, some of the most renowned scientists and ecologists could be considered citizen scientists (e.g., Charles Darwin, Harold Mayfield, Alexander Skutch). But the view that the public could actively contribute to science faded greatly over the course of the 20th century (particularly in the United States) to such an extent that we were left with the view that only someone who was professionally trained could be a scientist. Recently, however, we have witnessed an increase in the extent and acceptability of public participation and engagement in science. In particular, over the past decade we have seen a marked increase in such "citizen science" (Fig. 1). Although explanations of citizen science vary slightly, they converge on this definition: the involvement of citizens from the nonscientific community in academic research (Trumbull et al. 2000, Lee et al. 2006). Historical trend of citizen science articles. Data represent peer-reviewed articles as identified in ISI Web of Science using the search term "citizen science" from 1980 through 2008. The number of unique articles (n = 55) published is indicated by "articles," and the number of unique citations (n = 353) is indicated by "citations." Because citizen science has seen a dramatic increase in recent years, both in terms of the number of participants and its spread into new disciplines, a symposium was held at the 2008 Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting to address the role of such activity in ecology. Eleven speakers from around the world converged in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to share their work in "Citizen Science in Ecology: The Intersection of Research and Education," a symposium organized by Christopher Lepczyk, Owen Boyle, and Timothy Vargo. The goals of the symposium were to explore the following questions: (1) Is citizen science a new discipline, sub-discipline, or tool, relative to ecology? (2) Are data collected by citizen scientists valid, and if so, comparable to data collected by professional ecologists or their assistants? (3) Can citizen science be an effective tool to help bridge the gap between ecological research, communities, and education, both for the public and students? (4) Is citizen science the same as or different from ecological monitoring, or is one a subset of the other? (5) Are citizen scientists actively participating in the scientific process as ecologists, thus increasing their ecological literacy? To address these questions, speakers discussed citizen science both in general conceptual terms and in case-specific contexts from around the world. Rick Bonney of Cornell University opened the symposium with an overview of the history and evolution of citizen science in academic research. He explained that citizen science began as a series of monitoring projects designed to put the findings of hobbyists, such as bird watchers and star gazers, to meaningful scientific use. Following these early monitoring projects were ones designed with educational goals and even some set up as experiments. Eventually citizen science started to become an accepted technique for data collection in several scientific disciplines. Today, new citizen science efforts are involving participants in data analysis as well as data collection, and some are even starting to collect data from online images such as nestcams (readouts from recorders aimed at birds' nests). Following on the heels of the history of citizen science was a series of four case studies describing ecological research and monitoring projects that rely upon volunteers for their success. These case studies were arranged along a continuum from large-scale national projects with thousands of volunteers to regional and local projects. In addition, each case study represented varying degrees of interaction between researchers and volunteers. Leading off the case studies was David Ziolkowski of Patuxent Wildlife Refuge, who discussed how citizens drive the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). Specifically, the BBS protocol conducts annual bird surveys along >4000 routes (Fig. 2) across the United States, Canada, and Mexico, using a highly skilled volunteer workforce. Part of the success of the BBS program has been its relatively straightforward field protocol and standardized design. Moreover, the BBS program has resulted in over 400 bird species being surveyed annually at a cost of less than $900 per species per year. Without citizen scientists, such accomplishments could not be achieved. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, a long-running insect monitoring project has been led by citizen scientists in conjunction with Rothamsted Research, the oldest agricultural research station in the world. Philip Gould highlighted how the Rothamsted Insect Survey has used light traps (Fig. 3) to capture insects across 460 sites in the UK for the past 50 years. This survey takes about five minutes each day to collect insects, which are then sent to Rothamsted Research for sorting and identification of the macro-moth fraction of the catch. To ensure a robust monitoring project, volunteers are reimbursed for any trap maintenance and provided with annual summaries of the moths collected from their trap. The success of the program has been built upon: (1) keeping the monitoring system simple; (2) ensuring that the volunteers are trained; (3) knowing when to discontinue sites; and (4) providing all volunteers with feedback on their work. The value of the insect survey was demonstrated in recent findings that two-thirds of common moth species across the UK have declined over the last 35 years, with 20% declining so fast that they should be considered threatened. As a result, several more species have now been added to Biodiversity Action Plans in the UK. Both the BBS and the Rothamsted Insect Survey demonstrate how large-scale monitoring can be used to denote changes in diversity and abundance over time. Furthermore, they both use protocols to filter data, thereby allowing for robust data set production. Locations of breeding bird survey routes. Figure credit: Curtis Flahter and Mike Knowles. Examples of (A) a light trap station in use, and (B) placement in a back yard. Photo credits: (A) Syd Wright MBE, and (B) Philip Gould. At the regional scale, Susanne Masi, manager of Chicago Botanic Garden's Plants of Concern Program, presented an overview and findings from the garden's rare plant monitoring project. The Chicago Botanic Garden established this program to monitor listed and rare plants in the greater Chicago metropolitan area. Initiated in 2001, the program involves ~250 trained volunteers each year in collecting plant data (Fig. 4), and has now accumulated 8+ years of standardized data on 205 plant species at 245 sites. Aside from simply monitoring rare plants, the program has demonstrated several key findings related to using citizen scientists. First, a two-year volunteer data validation study comparing randomly selected volunteer data to professional data showed a high degree of correlation between the two groups. For example, there was >80% correspondence between the two groups in critical data fields such as population numbers and presence of threats. Second, the results of a Plants of Concern citizen science focus group showed that volunteers participated actively in, and understood critical elements of, the scientific process. Furthermore, participants unanimously experienced an increase of their involvement in stewardship and conservation activities as a result of the program, and reported sharing this scientific understanding and enhanced conservation commitment with the broader public. Volunteers (A) determining plot locations and conducting rare and listed plant inventories (B–D) as part of the Chicago Botanic Garden's Plants of Concern Program. Photo credits: (A) Peter Jacobs, (B) Robin Carlson, (C) Emily Kapler, and (D) Dani Drekich. Capping off the case studies was a presentation by Bill Mueller, who introduced the Milwaukee County Avian Migration Monitoring Partnership (MCAMMP), an avian monitoring study focused on migratory bird stopover ecology in the urban parks of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. To date the project has utilized the assistance of >140 citizen scientists over six migrations (three years) to help address the major goals of assessing habitat use and quality in both riparian and upland sites, and quantifying habitat use by migratory birds. Citizen science volunteers involvement includes training for transect counts, assistance with bird-banding operations, vegetation sampling and analysis, and recording of data. One major aim of training the citizen scientists is that they will be able to establish a long-term, urban avian monitoring project that can expand in the future. The second main portion of the symposium was devoted to a set of talks on the issues of the philosophy, policy, and technology of citizen science. Rebecca Jordan began this second portion with a discussion of a framework for promoting ecological literacy within the context of citizen science programs. She stressed that program design must balance both the scientific goals, which include ensuring data accuracy, and educational goals. Together these goals promote conceptual knowledge about the system of study, epistemological knowledge about science processes, and behavioral change with respect to environmental and civic action. While there is much evidence to support the promotion of conceptual knowledge, the latter two areas warrant further investigation. Integrating cognitive and environmental action theory will likely prove useful as practitioners seek to broaden program impact. David Bonter of Cornell's Laboratory of Ornithology next discussed the issue of data validation processes for large citizen science databases, such as Project FeederWatch. Currently, Project FeederWatch receives >100,000 checklists from >14,000 citizen scientists annually, yielding over 5,000,000 bird observations of ~500 individual species. Thus, it is critical that such large volumes of data be inspected for any problems; this requirement has led to the development of a quality control and quality assurance protocol. This protocol uses a review system, whereby unusual observations or potential errors are flagged and sent to experts for follow-up with the citizen scientists. Unverified reports remain flagged and are excluded from data analyses and web-based data output. The system also allows researchers to identify volunteers who are in need of support and to focus educational efforts accordingly, ultimately improving data quality and integrity. Moving from data editing to data collecting, Louis Liebenberg, founder of CyberTracker Conservation, presented a talk on how technology can be used to get people back in touch with nature. Specifically, Louis has developed the free software program CyberTracker (available at 〈http://www.cybertracker.org/〉), which enables volunteers of all ages to collect biodiversity data on simple portable devices, such as smartphones and PDAs (Fig. 5). CyberTracker is already in active use for both citizen science projects and environmental education around the world. For instance, in the United States, NatureMapping, BioKIDS, and BioBlitz are using PDAs with CyberTracker software to enable volunteers of all ages to collect biodiversity data. Similarly, in South Africa, the NaturalWorld web site allows participants to share and view bird sightings, and in the Kalahari trackers from local communities are being employed to survey wildlife conservation corridors. Finally, the WhaleForce project involves yachtsmen around the world using CyberTracker to monitor whales. Ultimately, the software allows for easy data collection by citizen scientists and helps to promote people who engage the outdoors by collecting field data. Bushmen in Africa using CyberTracker. Photo credit: Louis Liebenberg. Michelle Prysby next discussed more efficient ways for interested citizens to find a project, and for projects to find interested volunteers. One partnership for scientists and educators interested in reaching trained citizen scientists consists of the Master Naturalist programs. These programs are volunteer training and service programs that involve the public in natural resource education, citizen science, and stewardship. Currently there are >25 Master Naturalist programs in the United States that represent a ready pool of volunteers who have been trained in core citizen science skills, such as recording field observations and using taxonomic keys to identify organisms. These volunteers are well connected to their local environments, and are part of an existing infrastructure that can support their citizen science volunteer activities. (For more information on natural resource education and stewardship programs such as Master Naturalists, Watershed Stewards, and Conservation Stewards, please see the Alliance of Natural Resource Outreach and Service Programs 〈http://www.anrosp.org〉). The final presentation of the morning was by Hague Vaughan, of Canada's Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network (EMAN), who wove together the themes of the morning's talks. He described how citizen science fosters a desperately needed means to better link ecological monitoring to policy development and decision-making. His argument was that the emphasis on certainty in ecological monitoring leaves decision-makers lacking sentinel and feedback information where timeliness is a key factor. If focused on outcomes, complementary citizen science can be a means of enhancing effectiveness. To illustrate how to integrate citizen science into policy, Vaughan discussed a project that combined citizen data with targeted research and air quality monitoring stations in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada to identify pollution and lichen hot-spots that was used to deliver feedback on municipal and industrial choices (Fig. 6). A map of arboreal lichens in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, based upon citizen science data. Darker green locations represent greater numbers of lichens, and points represent sampling locations. The symposium concluded with a round table discussion of the morning's talks. Following the symposium, an additional workshop on citizen science was held over the weekend at the Urban Ecology Center of Milwaukee. At this workshop many of the symposium speakers gave an additional talk during the morning portion, with an afternoon of hands-on activities designed to train and educate citizen scientists. Overall, the symposium sought to address five major goals related to citizen science. In reflecting upon these five goals it is clear that there was progress made on all, but not necessarily agreement. For instance, the general view was that citizen science has new elements to offer ecology, but there was no definitive agreement among the speakers that it was a new discipline or subdiscipline. Whether or not this will change remains to be seen; citizen science is still very much an area of new ideas and growth. On the other hand, several speakers presented data from their research illustrating that the quality of data collected by citizen scientists is of the same or better quality than that collected by professional ecologists. Such quality is enhanced further with the aid of both software (e.g., Project FeederWatch and CyberTracker) and expert assistance. Similarly, there was strong evidence that citizen science can be an effective tool to help bridge the gap between ecologists and the public. In terms of the overlap with monitoring, it is clear that they share a number of similarities and will likely continue to do so in the future. However, many of the citizen science projects were much broader than monitoring alone, because they engaged the public in the scientific process or served to enhance ecological literacy. Based upon the talks and concluding discussions, citizen science is an increasing part of ecology, and has great promise for contributing knowledge, improving ecological literacy, training scientists to work with the public, and providing information for policy-makers.

ICRE Top Research Abstracts

Is There Evidence That Performance Measurement in Stroke Has Influenced Health Policy and Changes to Health Systems?

This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. The sample in this study were 105 respondents who were willing and willing to take the time to fill out a questionnaire that was taken using purposive and convience sampling methods. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by multiple linear regression with SPSS 17.00 software. The results of this study indicate that merchandise has an effect on consumer purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.002, while the t table is 3.260, so the value of t count is greater than the t table. Store location does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by a significance value of 0.551 while t count 0.598, the t value is smaller than the t table value. Employee service is not significant towards consumer purchasing decisions at Bintang Aquarium Solo Shop, as evidenced by the t value of 1.450 while the significance value is 0.150, so the value of t count is smaller than t table. Price affects consumer purchasing decisions at the Bintang Aquarium Solo shop, as evidenced by the t value of 2,400, while the significance value is 0.018, so the value of t is greater than the value of t table.
 This study aims to analyze the effect of the store image of an ornamental fish shop which consists of merchandise variables, shop location, employee services, and prices on consumer purchasing decisions. T

Research methodology is the procedural framework within which the research is conducted. This includes the overall approach to a problem that could be put into practice in a research process, from the theoretical underpinning to the collection and analysis of data. Choice of methodology depends on the primary drivers: topic to be researched and the specific research questions. Hence, methodological perspectives of managing stakeholder expectations of PDHR context are composed of research philosophies, research strategy, research design, and research techniques. This research belonged to social constructivism or interpretivism within a philosophical continuum. The nature of the study was more toward subjectivism where human behavior favored voluntary stance. Ontological, methodological, epistemological, and axiological positioning carried the characteristics of idealism, ideographic, anti-positivism, and value laden, respectively. Data collection comprises two phases, preliminary and secondary. Exploratory interviews with construction experts in the United Kingdom and Sri Lanka were carried out to refine the interview questions and identify the case studies. Case study interviews during the secondary phase took place in Sri Lanka. Data collected at the preliminary stage were used to assess the attributes of power, legitimacy/proximity, and urgency of stakeholders to the project using Stakeholder Circle™ software. Moreover, the data collected at secondary phase via case studies will be analyzed with NVivo 8. This article aims to discuss these methodological underpinnings in detail applied in a post-disaster housing reconstruction context in Sri Lanka.

This report presents research conducted between September 2015 and February 2016 in Batken oblast, Kyrgyzstan, and Soghd oblast, Tajikistan, within the framework of the project “Reducing conflict over water and pastures in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.” The project is supported by the United Kingdom’s new Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF). Research on conflict over natural resources is generally focussed on preventing violence; less attention is paid to the dynamics of disputes and cooperation. Conflicts over natural resources are particularly acute along the Tajik-Kyrgyz border, affecting the livelihood of households in Batken and Soghd oblasts, where around a quarter of the population still lives below the poverty line. Inhabitants are primarily involved in cultivating crops and keeping livestock and rely on the transborder use of water and pasture resources to do so. As border regimes and institutional management rules change, farmers face constraints in accessing these resources. A wide range of stakeholders are involved in both formal projects and informal initiatives to reduce conflicts and facilitate access to resources. This report is based on transversal research on the different types of interventions led by governmental agencies, local NGOs and international organisations and their impact on transborder and border region natural resource management. The methods of data collection and analysis varied according to the three main phases of research: (1) literature review; (2) interviews with experts in the field; and (3) case studies. The literature review helped define the conceptual framework and analyse reforms relating to the use of irrigation water and pastures and their impact on conflict and cooperation in Batken and Soghd. It also highlighted the lack of academic publications or project documentation on natural resource management efforts and identified key research gaps. Expert interviews held at the national and oblast levels in both countries investigated resource use and management, and tested the hypotheses and underlying approaches of projects aimed at fostering cooperation and reducing tensions. The case studies were conducted in areas of divergent resources dynamics: one was characterised by a high level of conflict, in the other no tensions were reported. In addition to the three research phases, a roundtable was held in Bishkek on 11 February 2016 to discuss preliminary findings with government institutions, non-governmental organisations and researchers. More than 50 participants shared their views on water and pasture reforms in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan and on cooperation processes in transborder areas. The research found that tensions arise primarily over the use and management of natural resources, and are aggravated by militarisation of the border. The transformation of internal boundaries (in Soviet times) to international borders (post-1991) strongly affected access to natural resources and changed the nature of interactions between border communities. Reforms have led to the creation of community-based institutions in both countries; however these institutions can differ significantly in their capacities and mandates, relying on national decision makers to deal with most transborder issues. In some areas, farmers remain excluded from the formulation of management plans by formal institutions. This report is distilled into a policy brief (see http://www.ucentralasia.org/Resources/Item/1148) for policy makers, relevant governmental agencies, and oblast, rayon, jaomat and AA representatives as well as international organisations, donors and non-governmental organisations. The research team included MSRI Research Fellow Asel Murzakulova and Research Consultant Irene Mestre. Their collaborative work resulted in this report, a policy brief, and a series of maps illustrating the geographic distribution of infrastructure and other development interventions by MSRI’s partner organizations (MSDSP Tajikistan, MSDSP Kyrgyzstan, Roza Otunbaeva Initiative and CAMP Alatoo) in the framework of the “Reducing conflict over water and pastures in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan” project.

This work was part funded by (for CEB) Airway Disease Predicting Outcomes through Patient Specific Computational Modelling (AirPROM) project (funded through FP7 EU grant), Wellcome Senior Fellowship, (for DJC) Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK (Centre Grant: G1000758), from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, an equipment grant from the Midlands Asthma and Allergy Research Association (MAARA) and (for CEB and DJC) the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Unit. BMJR was funded by an MRC and Asthma UK PhD studentship. This paper presents independent research funded by the NIHR.

The long-term evolution (LTE)/LTE-advanced (LTE-A) network provides advanced services for billions of users with its higher bandwidths, better spectrum efficiency, and lower latency than legacy cellular networks. But it still suffers from new security threats due to its all IP-based heterogeneous architecture. Therefore, there is a critical need to perform a rapid and accurate network security measurement in the LTE/LTE-A network. To achieve LTE/LTE-A network security measurement, security-relevant data (in short security data) collection and data analysis for attack detection are required as prerequisites. However, most of the existing work only focuses on data collection and analysis for a certain type of LTE/LTE-A attacks. Little work has been done to comprehensively perform data collection and analysis for detecting various attacks on the LTE/LTE-A network. Different from previous work, in this paper, we review the security data collection and data analysis methods in terms of various attacks in order to provide the basis of security measurement in the LTE/LTE-A network. We first present a comprehensive taxonomy of attacks according to the LTE/LTE-A network structure. Then, we propose a number of criteria for evaluating the performance of data collection and analysis methods. And we lay our emphasis on the survey of data collection and analysis methods for significant active attack detection in the LTE/LTE-A network. All the reviewed methods are analyzed and discussed based on the proposed evaluation criteria. Furthermore, current open issues and future research challenges are presented with a view to stimulating future research. Finally, an adaptive data collection and data analysis model for security measurement in the LTE/LTE-A network is proposed.

Sutirtha Chatterjee) join the editor-in-chief (Robert Davison) to craft a position statement regarding the ISJ's view on theory. It is applicable, with sensitivity, to the empirical research articles that we consider for publication.

Are We Serious about Addressing Health Disparities through Research?

Incidents of violence perpetrated through digital technology platforms or facilitated by these means have been reported, often in high-income countries. Very little scholarly attention has been given to the nature of technology-facilitated violence and abuse (TFVA) across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite an explosion in the use of various technologies. We conducted a literature review to identify and harmonize available data relating to the types of TFVA taking place in SSA. This was followed by an online survey of young adults through the SHYad.NET forum to understand the nature of TFVA among young adults in SSA. Our literature review revealed various types of TFVA to be happening across SSA, including cyberbullying, cyberstalking, trolling, dating abuse, image-based sexual violence, sextortion, and revenge porn. The results of our online survey revealed that both young men and women experience TFVA, with the most commonly reported TFVA being receiving unwanted sexually explicit images, comments, emails, or text messages. Female respondents more often reported repeated and/or unwanted sexual requests online via email or text message while male respondents more often reported experiencing violent threats. Respondents used various means to cope with TFVA including blocking the abuser or deleting the abused profile on social media.

Recent studies have illuminated how families are affected by prison staff engagement during prison visits. Prison staff, by virtue of their positions, exercise power and authority over families during prison visits processes and potentially play a vital role in shaping inmate-family experiences. Although some interactions with prison staff may be cordial, others have been reported as stressful for visitors, especially families with children. Yet many family visitors endure stressful encounters since visits can serve as portals for bonding between inmates and their families. Over the past two decades, some prisons in the United Kingdom (UK) have invested in developing family-oriented practices and visits protocol, where prison staff oversee the visits process. This is in contrast to prison staff who tend to take on a police-officer mentality whereby policing behaviors or personal philosophies are aligned with implied suspicion, mistrust, and apprehension towards inmates and families. Given such, prison staff interpretation of their roles and engagement with families is of research interest. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to understand how UK prison staff interpreted their roles during family visits and determine why this evolution towards family-focus visiting took place. To answer the research inquiry, a heterogeneous sample of prison staff from private and public sector prisons and advocacy center contractors employed at two prisons in the United Kingdom were recruited to provide broad perspectives on staff roles during the process of the visit. Within these facilities, we interviewed a total of 13 (n=13) staff members. Data collection and semi-structured interviews occurred at two prison facilities and two advocacy centers. Three researchers conducted cross-case analyses and applied triangulation methods to establish a clear chain of evidence documented through step-by-step processes: audit trails; flexible and parallel data analysis during data collection, and first- and second-order coding processes. Findings from this study indicate that prison staff perceives their roles during the visiting processes as an evolution from traditional corrections-based punitive practices (i.e. policing) to a visiting program capable of accommodating three goals: low-stress family visits, inmate conformance, and reduced recidivism. This study adds to the literature on detailing how prison staff dichotomous roles were interpreted as balancing tensions between institutional controls and minimizing traumatic experiences for visiting families through prison-based interventions.

The use of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) has increased substantially in the United Kingdom since 1987. There are currently no data on the rate of crashes and serious incidents related to HEMS in the United Kingdom. The aims of this article were to present data from a 26-year period since the start of HEMS operations in the United Kingdom and to compare them with published data from Germany, Australia, and the United States. Factors identified as affecting the safety of HEMS operations will also be discussed. A PubMed search was performed to retrieve published data on accident rates and safety discussions for international HEMS using the key words HEMS, helicopter, emergency medical services, accident, incident, and crash. The details of every helicopter crash in the United States since the beginning of HEMS operations was obtained and reviewed to identify those that involved HEMS aircraft. This novel UK information was compared with published data from three international systems. A total of 13 accidents or serious incidents involving HEMS aircraft were identified from Civil Aviation Authority records, only 1 of which was a fatal accident. It was estimated that approximately 230,000 HEMS missions occurred in the United Kingdom between 1987 and 2013, giving an absolute accident incidence of approximately 0.0057% and a fatal accident incidence of approximately 0.00043%. The accident and fatal accident rate per 10,000 missions in the United Kingdom was 0.57 and 0.04, respectively. This compares with published rates from Germany, Australia, and the United States with accident rate per 10,000 missions ranging between 0.57 and 0.75 and fatal accident rates per 10,000 missions ranging between 0.04 and 0.23. Accidents and serious incidents relating to HEMS operations in the United Kingdom have been comprehensively identified for the first time, allowing an estimation of overall accident and fatal accident rates and comparison with other countries' HEMS operations. Data collection and analysis were hampered by obscurity of data sources and poor availability of data. In a time of increasing HEMS use in the United Kingdom, it is essential to be mindful of safety, and standardization of data collection will improve focus in this important area.

THE USE OF THINK ALOUD METHOD TO INVESTIGATE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES OF WOMEN’S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS JUDGES

This paper is an evaluation of the use of case study methods, drawing on three research studies conducted by the authors in end-of-life care and bereavement. Case study methods have their origins in social anthropology and draw on the principles of naturalistic inquiry. They have been used in a number of disciplines, including qualitative sociology, management science, education and organizational psychology for the understanding and evaluation of complex social systems. They are an appropriate research design for examining processes and outcomes in dynamic healthcare organizations, where it is important to obtain multiple perspectives. We explore issues in case study research design, recruitment and data collection drawing on three studies conducted between 2000 and 2005 in six community hospitals, five adult hospice bereavement services and eight childhood bereavement services in the United Kingdom. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using interviews, focus groups, observations, documentary analysis, standardized measures and questionnaires. The process of case study design is described, including building upon a clear rationale for the selection of cases, collection of data, preparation of single case reports, cross-case analysis and interpretation. In a critical discussion of recruitment, we recommend identification of a key contact person at each site to facilitate access and minimize misunderstanding, disruption to clinical services and 'gate-keeping'. Three principal methods of data collection: interviews, observation and documentary data analysis form the foundation of the rich data set necessary to explore cases in their situational contexts. Case study methods may be empowering for participants because they value their experiences and reveal how their work contributes to teamwork within organizations. They can therefore be both affirming and challenging, as they may expose both conflicts and tensions.