Unravelling the Financial Struggles of Private Schools: An In-Depth Look at Internal Funding Sources and Trials

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of bank financing and internal financing sources on women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachFemale owners of e-businesses in India were surveyed regarding their perceptions of bank financing, internal financing sources and their motivations for e-entrepreneurship.FindingsThe findings of this study show that bank financing and internal financing sources positively impact women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship in India. The results show that family status, education, easy access to new business information and location positively impact women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship in India. The findings also show that bank financing has a higher impact on women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship compared with internal financing sources.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a co-relational study that investigated the relationship between bank financing and women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship and the relationship between internal financing sources and women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship. There is not necessarily a causal relationship between the two. The findings of this study may only be generalized to individuals similar to those that were included in this research.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on the impact of bank financing and internal financing sources on women’s motivation for e-entrepreneurship. The findings may be useful for investment advisors, the Indian Government and entrepreneurship consultants.

This book emphasizes financial problems that arise when managing multinational operations. However, the financial manager of a multinational company (MNC) must be familiar with certain mechanics of financing foreign trade and foreign investment because most MNCs are frequently engaged in foreign trade and investment activities.The first three sections cover the sources of financing foreign trade, while the last three sections discuss the sources of financing foreign investment. Section 10.1 discusses three basic documents involved in foreign trade: draft, bill of lading, and letter of credit. Section 10.2 analyzes the various payment terms of foreign trade. Section 10.3 describes the major sources of financing foreign trade. The three major sources of funds for foreign investment are internal sources of funds, external sources of funds, and sources of funds from development banks as described in Sections 10.4, 10.5 and 10.6, respectively. MNCs may use internally generated funds such as profits and depreciation charges. If internal sources of funds are insufficient, they may obtain their capital from sources within their home country and/or in foreign countries. In addition to these internal and external sources of funds, development banks provide MNCs with a variety of financing sources.

We investigated the association between socially responsible investment, internal financing sources, and access to bank financing in the production industry of India. Using a survey research design, owners of small production firms were asked about their perceptions regarding socially responsible investment, internal financing sources, and access to bank financing. We found that socially responsible investment and internal financing sources help owners of small production firms improve access to bank financing. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between socially responsible investment, internal financing sources, and access to bank financing. The findings may be useful for financial managers, production firm owners, investors, consultants, and other stakeholders.

This paper explores the relationship between cash flow and capital investment of a firm. Using a panel of Nigerian publicly quoted firms in the services and consumer goods sectors, we found that cash flow is insignificantly related to capital investment. This observed insignificant relationship is stronger in episodes where we have a sub-sample of younger firms. The younger firms recording insignificant relationships revealed that these firms cannot easily access external funds when there is a cash flow shortfall because of their low level of experience in their socio-economic networks. On the evidence of older firms, the study shows that when there is a cash flow shortfall for older firms, these firms may face difficulties in financing their investment with internal sources of funds; though, these firms can easily access external funds because of their level of experience in socio-economic networks. The results provide support that internal and external sources of funds can be substituted perfectly for experienced firms.

This paper examines internal sources of tertiary education financing, strong significant reasons why some public tertiary education institutions are constrained to meet up with their financial needs in public tertiary education institutions in Nigeria. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, University of Port Harcourt River State are among public tertiary education institutions in Nigeria. Therefore, the two universities are chosen for extraction of population and sample of this study. The population of this study is 16,000 which comprised 9,000 males and 7,000 female students from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture and University of Port Harcourt River state respectively. Stratified random sampling technique was used to obtain 26 male respondents in three departments from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike and 28 female students in three departments in University of Port Harcourt River State. This gave a sample size of 162. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. One research question and one hypothesis guided this study. Instrument used for data collection was researcher developed questionnaire “titled, internal sources of tertiary education financing, strong significant reasons why some public tertiary education institutions are constrained to meet up with their financial needs in public tertiary education institutions in Nigeria was used,” with four rating scale of strongly agree, agree, dis agree and strongly disagree. The instrument was validated by two specialists. Cronbach alpha statistics was used to determine the reliability coefficient of this study at 0.78 and 0.97, which shows that the instrument is reliable to be used for this study. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data while t test of independent was used to test the hypothesis. The findings from this study reveals that leasing of facilities, sale of agricultural produce, among others, are varied internal sources public tertiary education institutions could use to augment with meager funds provided by government in public tertiary education institutions in Nigeria. It was recommended from this study that some public tertiary education institutions should engage in internal sources of revenue generations such as: Renting and leasing of facilities, pre degree and Jupeb programs, sale of agricultural produce among others.

The Republic of Serbia is characterized by an unsatisfactory macroeconomic environment. Under the conditions of an evident shortage of liquid assets, the financial capital has moved from real to the financial sector, which led companies to over-indebtedness and shutdown of their own capacities. Therefore, capital investments largely depend on internal financing sources and the ability of companies to internally generate funds for investments. In this regard, an emphasis is placed on the difference in the assessment of the company’s investment capacity based on internal financing sources, which are measured using static and dynamic indicators in order to prove the necessity of applying dynamic coefficients, which are unfortunately not present in our domestic practice. The paper examines and proves the advantages of the use of the dynamic approach for such analyses using the example of energy sector, which is one of the most important branches in Serbian economy.

Internal funds and corporate investment in India

This study seeks to investigate the differences in firm managers’ preferences in the use of internal funding to meet working capital needs. The data to be analyzed are obtained from the results of the World Bank's Productivity and the Investment Climate Survey on firm managers in 98 developing countries, with a total sample of 1,235 firm managers. The analysis techniques used are linear regression and ordinal logit analysis. This study demonstrates the gender-based differences in the proportion of the use of internal funding sources. Female top managers prefer to use internal funding sources for working capital better than top male managers. This study not only provides a better understanding of the relationship between the existence of top female managers and the preference in the use of internally financed working capital but also informs firms that aim to balance the liquidity and the capital cost efficiency in managing their working capital to provide a more significant opportunity for women to occupy top management positions.

This study examines the determinants of new firm creation in Africa, focusing on external and internal funding sources and their interactions. It also explores the influence of colonial history by separately analyzing former British and French colonies. The primary goal is to help fill crucial gaps in African literature on the determinants of entrepreneurship. Given Africa's widespread poverty and underdevelopment, understanding what drives entrepreneurship is essential for job creation and economic growth. The study reveals three key findings. First, at the full sample level, remittances are the only external financing source positively associated with new firm creation, while foreign aid and foreign direct investment obstacle it. Internal sources, like savings and credit, do not show significant effects. Second, the subsample analysis reveals heterogeneous results: former British colonies' funding sources align with the overall findings, while in former French colonies, only savings support entrepreneurship. Third, considering control variables, the subsample analysis indicates two distinct entrepreneurship models: opportunity-based in former British colonies and necessity-based in former French colonies. These findings are noteworthy and provide significant policy implications at both national and international levels. Crucially, the positive role of remittances in financing new business initiatives, confirms that migration serves as a mutually beneficial arrangement for both sending African countries and the host countries.

<p style="text-align:justify">This research analyzed the involvement of teachers, parents, and school committees in improving scientific attitudes in science learning using Rasch model analysis. A survey method was used in this quantitative study. Participants in the study were selected using a purposive sample of 174 teachers, parents, and school committees in Sleman and Kebumen Regencies, Indonesia. A questionnaire was used in data collection to determine the involvement of teachers, parents, and school committees in improving scientific attitudes toward science learning. The questionnaires were completed using a Likert scale of 1-4, and the data were then analyzed using the Rasch model. The result showed that all participants were the average logit items (+1.03 logit). The reliability was 0.89, indicating a positive response to improving students' scientific attitudes. The results of the Rasch model analysis suggested that the involvement of parents, teachers, and school committees in improving scientific attitudes differed according to their roles. Each instrument element was analyzed in more detail in the Rasch model. Participants' roles were reflected in the specific involvements of teachers in learning, parents at home with children, and school committees participating in school policy-making.</p>

The author considers influences of active regulation of operating costs and negative effects (shocks) on financial policy of the Russian public companies. The Russian firms make the choice for benefit of internal financing for the purpose of increase in the corporate benefit in the conditions of external financial restrictions (sectoral sanctions). Growth of the corporate benefit leads to increment of company assets and respectively to welfare of the shareholder. The Russian public companies will review the capital structure in the conditions of growth of adjustment costs. The active policy of the Russian companies is connected with availability of sufficient size of assets which are source of mortgage providing for regulation of capital structure. Thereby, the organization solves problem of adverse selection – financing source selection taking into account its price. The companies are forced to regulate actively the capital structure in the conditions of growth of operating costs and negative shocks. Regulation of capital structure is connected with the aspiration of the company to keep part of debt for its use as financing source. Operating costs are the indicator estimating efficiency of management decisions. The Russian companies will finance the investments, first of all, by internal financing sources. Cash flows are the resource servicing the investment capital. The firms will be attracted the loan capital in the period of deficit of cash flow. The Russian companies will work in logic of precautionary motive, creating monetary stock in the conditions of shocks. The precautionary motive is the protective buffer from negative impacts from the capital markets. Low values of cash flows allow to limit the management concerning his illegal behavior – decision making in private interests.

Aim. The article analyzes the issues of improving financial policy in terms of searching for the optimal structure of sources of financing the company activities in the context of current trends in the Russian economy development. Objectives. The study examines key elements of capital structure, emphasizing the absence of a definitive approach for determining their volumes. It also presents the procedure for calculating the actual cost of debt and internal funding sources and provides a critical assessment of these costs amid economic uncertainty. Additionally, it discloses the relationship between environmental factors and the cost of financing sources, and determine the position of financial behavior in making decisions on the formation of the capital structure. Methods. The research employs both general scientific and specialized methods, including scientific analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, visualization and generalization, expert assessments, as well as calculation and analytical methods, a review of official data of the Bank of Russia. Results. It was established that economic science has not formed a single mechanism for determining the optimal capital structure, and the choice of financing sources is influenced by factors that are difficult to predict in the long term, such as the state economic policy and the financial behavior of the owners. This complicates significantly the implementation of measures to improve the company financial policy. Despite the high financial risks in the context of tightening the monetary policy, arguments were formulated in favor of the need to raise debt capital for normal business development. The article presents possible options for the effect of the tax shield arising from raising debt funds. Conclusions. Each economic entity determines the optimal ratio of debt and internal funds independently. After assessing the impact of internal and external environmental factors, coordinating quantitative and qualitative guidelines for the further development of the company, the executive team decides to modify the capital structure. The maximum level of return on equity with the lowest possible weighted average cost of capital is used as a key indicator confirming the optimality of the choice of financing sources. Nevertheless, in conditions of uncertainty, adjustment of the calculated ratio between sources is inevitable, and it is performed taking into account the assessment of the potential trajectory of the company development, current and future positions in the industry, the real need for debt funds and existing risks.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate working capital financing preference among small businesses in Cambodia using a quantitative and qualitative approach. Small business often relies heavily on internal finance as a major source of short-term finance for working capital needs. This is because small businesses are likely to face problems associated with their size when accessing external finance, such as information asymmetry and higher agency costs. Interestingly, using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, the findings lead us to believe that these firms mostly relied on internal sources (retained profit, early settlement discount, delayed payment to suppliers) of finance as compared to external sources (bank loan and equity). In some cases, they have to rely on informal sources (private, family, friend, money counting/lenders, funds/wealthy families, rotating savings and credit associations) to finance working capital requirement. These results suggest that firms experience significant information costs that prevent them from gaining access to traditional sources of financing. The findings of the study will be useful to the financial institutions that fund SMEs and can help the policymakers to formulate strategies and programs that will support SMEs at different stages of the financial chain in Cambodia.

Quiet-quitting refers to a situation where employees continue to perform their job duties but only to the minimal extent required, reflecting a psychological withdrawal. Factors aiding this work behaviour worry owners and managers of private secondary schools greatly. This study, therefore, investigated the impact of conditions of service on quiet quitting behaviours among private secondary school teachers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design, with a sample of 322 respondents drawn through stratified proportionate random sampling from 103 private secondary schools. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher titled “Impact of Conditions of Service on Quiet Quitting among Teachers in Private Secondary Schools Questionnaire (ICSQQTPSSQ)”. The instrument contained 20 items based on the two research questions. An expert validated the instrument. The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha method which yielded 0.72 for cluster 1 and 0.70 for cluster 2 with an overall reliability index of 0.71 which indicated that the instrument was reliable. The two research questions and hypotheses were analysed using mean, standard deviation, and chi-square statistics respectively and the null hypotheses were rejected. The result revealed statistically that workload has significant influence on quiet quitting behaviour, χ² (3, N = 3,150) = 23.01, p < .001. Furthermore, the Chi-square test result, χ² (3, N = 3,150) = 23.01, p < .001, confirmed a statistically significant association between workload and quiet quitting. Findings revealed that both workload and remuneration significantly influence quiet quitting behaviours in private secondary schools in FCT. The study recommends a more favourable conditions of service in private secondary schools within FCT which includes fair remuneration and workload reduction to mitigate quiet quitting behaviours and boost teachers’ morale.

The main objective of this study is to unearth the impact of internal and external funding sources for starting a business on the performance of SMEs, and to identify the potential of other core variables namely business experience, educational level, and size of firm, which may significantly influence the SMEs' performance. The data was collected from 484 SMEs via a structured questionnaire and analyzed by using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique. The study found that the internal and external sources of finance were insignificantly related to the SMEs? performance, while business experience, level of education, and firm size were positively related to the SMEs' performance. The findings of this study reveal that finance is not the main source that needs to be taken into account by entrepreneurs, supporting institutions, and policy makers in improving the SMEs? performance. Further research in this area of study should extend into examining and adding more components that are relevant to a variation of the SMEs? performance.