Abstract
Augmented renal clearance (ARC) observed in the critically ill pediatric population has received an increased attention over the last years due to its major impact on the disposition and pharmacokinetics of mainly renally excreted drugs. Apart from an important inflammatory trigger, fluid administration has been suggested to contribute to the development of ARC. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous intravenous fluid administration on renal function using a conventional piglet animal model and to quantify the impact of fluid administration on the pharmacokinetics of renally excreted drugs. At baseline, twenty-four piglets (12 treatment/12 control; 7 weeks old, all ♂) received the marker drugs iohexol (64.7 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and para-aminohippuric acid (10 mg/kg BW) to quantify glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow, respectively. In addition, the hydrophilic antibiotic amikacin (7.5 mg/kg BW) was administered. Following this baseline measurement, the treatment group received fluid therapy as a constant rate infusion of 0.9% saline at 6 mL/kg/h over 36 h. After 24 h of fluid administration, the marker drugs and amikacin were administered again. When comparing both groups, a significant effect of fluid administration on the total body clearances of iohexol (p = 0.032) and amikacin (p = 0.0014) was observed. Clearances of iohexol and amikacin increased with on average 15 and 14%, although large interindividual variability was observed. This led to decreased systemic exposure to amikacin, which was manifested as decrease in area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 h to infinity from 34,807 to 30,804 ng.h/mL. These results suggest that fluid therapy is a key factor involved in the development of ARC and should be taken into account when administering mainly renally excreted drugs. However, further research is necessary to confirm these results in children.
Highlights
Intravenous (IV) fluids are often administered to hospitalized pediatric patients
We recently demonstrated that mature values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), anion secretion, and tubular reabsorption were in the same order in humans and conventional pigs (Dhondt et al, 2020)
The primary aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of 0.9% saline on glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow, using the conventional pig as animal model
Summary
Intravenous (IV) fluids are often administered to hospitalized pediatric patients. Fluid therapy is provided either to replace ongoing losses of water and electrolytes under normal physiological conditions, known as maintenance therapy, or to correct for any existing electrolyte and water deficits, known as fluid resuscitation (Sterns, 2019). Guidelines are available to guide the volume and type of administered fluid; they are not always unequivocal and remain subject of extensive debate (Perel et al, 2013; Lira and Pinsky, 2014; Padua et al, 2015; Feld et al, 2018; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2020). IV fluid administration is undoubtedly no exact science. Determining the optimal volume, administration rate, and composition of IV fluids can be a difficult task. Errors in prescribing fluid therapy are not uncommon
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