University-Industry Collaboration in Dairy and Poultry Sectors of Andhra Pradesh: Status of Stakeholders’ Participation

Manure storage systems enable farmers to apply nutrients at the right time for crop production, but are also a source of greenhouse gases. This study analysed Canadian Farm Management Surveys (conducted in 2017 and 2021) to quantify the prevalence of manure management systems, use of mitigation practices, and identify changes over time. The surveys represented the beef, dairy, poultry, and swine sectors fairly well with some exceptions (e.g. underrepresentation of swine in western Canada). Results show a shift towards liquid manure in the dairy sector and dominance of liquid manure in the swine sector, and solid manure in beef and poultry sectors. Practices that may reduce emissions include mechanical separation which gained popularity in the BC dairy sector. A stable minority (10%) of farmers use additives for their manure in some provinces. Anaerobic digestion remains rare (~1% in the dairy sector and less in other sectors). For solid manure, storage for >6 months (many >1-year) was common. Adoption of solid manure active composting was modest at 5-10%. These baseline data show there is a high potential for further adoption of beneficial management practices that decrease emissions.

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 283–291, 2006) Nutrient amounts in livestock manure management, including manure treatment and use, were estimated using published statistical data and other information. The eight categories for manure treatment were defined in this study as composting at facility, composting at stockyard, raw feces, dried feces, urine, slurry, purification and other. The three categories for use of manure were defined as application to farmland, sale and exchange and other. The regional daily excretion units per head of dairy and beef cattle, including the amount of excreta, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), were calculated based on the quantities and qualities of feed in each region. There was found to be a difference in the values for Hokkaido and other regions. Concerning manure treatment methods in the dairy sector, the sum of the proportion of raw feces and compost at stockyard was high in Hokkaido. On the other hand, the sum of the proportion of composting at facility and dried feces was high in Hokuriku, Tokai, Kinki and Shikoku. In Kyushu, the proportion of slurry production was higher than in any other region. The amounts of N, P, and K in compost estimated in this study were compared with those calculated from published statistics. The results were as follows. The amounts of N, P, and K in dairy cattle compost, N and K in beef cattle compost, and N in poultry compost in this study were similar to the amounts cited in reported statistics. The amounts of P in beef cattle, swine, and poultry compost in this study were lower than those cited in reported statistics. As for the use of manure, application to farmland is the most common use of manure in the dairy and beef cattle sector. The proportions of purification, and sale and exchange were high for the swine and poultry sectors, respectively. Large amounts of liquid manure, such as urine and slurry, are applied to farmland. To clarify the nutrient load resulting from liquid manure, the usable amount of dairy slurry was calculated based on both the standard application rate of fertilizer and the area of grassland and forage crops. As a result, the amount of usable N was lower than the amount of liquid manure N in the Kanto-Tosan, Tokai and Kinki regions.

Over the last several decades, Mexico has experienced annual rates of growth in both population and per capita real incomes in excess of three percent. These increases in population and incomes, changing dietary habits, and government policymakers attempts to increase the nutritional levels of the Mexican populace have all been translated into increases in the demand for higher protein food commodities. The principal source of this higher protein food is the Mexican dairy, livestock, and poultry sector. The principal objectives of this study were: 1) to identify and analyze the sources of growth of the Mexican livestock and poultry subsectors and major structural and technical constraints to its further development, and 2) to determine both the implications that these factors have had on aggregate feed demand, as well as Mexico's ability to satisfy domestic feed demand requirements. The study utilized data from a variety of secondary data sources. Factors impacting demand, such as demographic and income dynamics were discussed and analyzed. Within the dairy, livestock, and poultry sector, major changes and patterns in production, trade, supply, and prices were identified. To determine the ability of Mexico to supply major feed ingredients--feed grains and oilseeds--trends and patterns in grain and oilseed consumption, production, trade, and prices were also overviewed. The influence of government policies and programs and major marketing institutions on the supply of, and the demand for, dairy, livestock, poultry, and crop sector output was also analyzed. Supplying the domestic market with animal proteins has resulted in substantial increases in livestock and poultry populations and industry productivity. A major factor in these increases has been the movement of various subsectors--notably poultry, swine, and dairy--towards more intensive, confined animal feeding systems. Government intervention was also shown to have had a major impact on the growth and development of the sector in general and the egg and dairy industries in particular. Mexico's crop sector also reflects the growing importance of major livestock and poultry industries. Substantial growth has occured in domestic output of major animal feed ingredients--grain sorghum, soybeans, and safflower. However, although impressive, these gains have been insufficient to supply domestic demand. As a result, Mexico has turned increasingly toward international markets to satisfy domestic feed input requirements. These developments have major implications for United States' agricultural exports. In 1981, Mexico was the third largest foreign market for U.S. agricultural products. Mexico's 1981 imports of U.S. grain sorghum and soybean and soybean meal, for example, totaled U.S. $330 million and U.S. $230 million, respectively.

The dumping of milk, the offering of hospitality size goods in grocery stores, and the closure of processing facilities are examples of the disruptions caused by the pandemic to the dairy, poultry, and egg sectors. These supply management sectors, however, are more resilient to the impacts of COVID‐19 than other sectors as producers are generally more financially stable, losses are pooled, and production/marketing efforts are coordinated.

This chapter discusses developments in robotics in the poultry, pig and dairy sectors and explores the main drivers for these innovative solutions. The concepts of precision livestock farming and robotics engineering are connected on an organizational level and farmers have freedom of choice to work with human labor, specialized service providers and robotic solutions. In practice, the farmer will use a combination of the three, to suit their own preference. Examples of advances in developments are given for the poultry, pig and dairy sectors, as well as indications of future challenges. Predictions from the EU-Robotics topic group and the agROBOfood network are supplied in order to achieve better understanding of the challenges facing the livestock sector.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the significant supply chain issues in the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) food industry. The objectives are to identify the major themes and the dynamic evolution of SME food supply chain (FSC) issues, the current research trends, the different modelling approaches used in SME FSC, and the most addressed SME food sector.Design/methodology/approachIn all, 3,733 published articles from 2002 to 2018 in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science database were collected, from which 1,091 articles were shortlisted for the review. The authors used bibliographic coupling combined with co-word analysis to identify the historical relations of the research themes that emerged during the periods 2002–2014 and 2002–2018.FindingsThis research identified five major research themes such as production and distribution in alternative food networks, relationship, safety and standards in the FSC, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impact of the farm food system, traceability and product quality in FSC and asymmetric price transmission in the FSC. Among the identified themes, GHG emission impact of the farm food system and traceability and product quality in the FSC have received increasing attention in recent years. The dairy sector is the most addressed sector (36 per cent), followed by fruits and vegetables (27 per cent), meat and poultry (18 per cent), seafood (10 per cent) and grains and oilseed (8 per cent). It is also identified that the dairy sector has received significant attention in the “GHG Emission impact of farm food system” theme. Similarly, meat and poultry sectors have received much attention in the “Traceability and product quality in the food supply chain” theme. Also, the authors identified that the empirical modelling approaches are the most commonly used solution methodology, followed by the conceptual/qualitative methods in the SME FSC.Originality/valueThis study maps and summarizes the existing knowledge base of supply chain issues in the SME food sector. The results of this review provide the major research areas, most commonly used approaches and food sectors addressed. This study also highlights the research gaps and potential future research direction.

India is one of the largest and fastest growing markets for milk and milk products in the world. The massive increase in milk and milk product demand has compelled small-scale intermediaries to engage in unethical practises that jeopardise product safety measures, raising public health concerns, and polluting the environment. Therefore, an attempt was made fi nd out the awareness of intermediaries in dairy sector on concept of Eco-health practices with respect to environmental aspects, human aspects and product safety using ex-post facto research design. The study was conducted in three diff erent regions of Andhra Pradesh state and one district from each reason was selected purposively. Total 60 intermediaries were randomly selected i.e.10 from rural and 10 from urban area of each district with the help of interview schedule. The fi ndings revealed that there was a signifi cant (P<0.01) positive relationship between the independent variables like education, gross annual income, mass media exposure, extension contact and information seeking behaviour with awareness of intermediaries on Eco-health practices.

Supply management in Canada’s dairy and poultry sectors has been resilient. Its policy instruments of domestic production controls and administered pricing have endured, even while its third policy instrument, import controls, has weakened. Supply management is a political success, supported by federal and provincial governments, Canada’s major political parties, and the Canadian public. Judgements of its programmatic success differ according to the weight placed on its different objectives. Supply management has achieved the foremost goal of its founders: stabilizing domestic production and increasing producers’ bargaining power. Yet it is credited with higher consumer costs for Canadian consumers, high entry costs for future farmers, and impeding needed policy change. On process success criteria, the conflicted and even precarious success that jeopardized supply management in its early days has largely, but not entirely, given way to resilient success.

This paper analyzes the political economy of the livestock sector in two Indian states, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The aim is to identify politically feasible interventions that could have broad positive effects on poor rural livestock producers in these states. To that end, the paper assesses the relationship between land, livestock, and poverty, describes the organization of the sector, and analyzes the political and bureaucratic interests shaping livestock policy. The study used the key informant method supplemented with official documents, newspaper sources and recently published research on the livestock sector. Interviews helped reveal policymakers' concerns, whereas field trips allowed the researcher to talk to a farmers and learn their perspectives from the bottom. Newspapers contained many lively stories of how well-intentioned policies went awry at the implementation stage, while published research analyzed various political, institutional and technical aspects of policymaking in the sector. Livestock policy options are constrained by the broader political context. Because livestock producers are not an organized political lobby, policy in this area is shaped by broad policy trends and the agendas of more organized groups. Historically, livestock sector policy has focused on large ruminants and the state has sought to deliver necessary supportive services. Hindu nationalist groups have encouraged emphasis on vegetarian-friendly livestock policies - promote dairy rather than meat - and placed constraints on cow slaughter. Statist beliefs led the state to view provision of animal health and breeding services as a state responsibility and facilitated direct intervention in the cooperative sector. Based on this analysis, the paper discusses several options for strategic intervention in the livestock sector. The interventions with the greatest potential are the following. One, actors can seek to improve producers' capacity to articulate and advocate their interests. Two, actors can seek to increase access to shared resources such as forests and pastures. Three, actors can encourage pro-poor implementation of animal health service reforms. Four, actors can advocate further liberalization of the dairy sector. Five, actors can support small ruminant production by improving feed and fodder and conducting research on commodity chains and breeding.

The Indian dairy industry has been through an evolution in India and many innovations in agricultural field has been successful in dairying first. It has come a long way over the years from milk production of 21.2 million tonnes in 1968-69 to 121 million tonnes in 2010-11. Steadily and firmly, it has cruised to become numero uno in the list of milk producing countries and this success story has been scripted by the small holder milk producers. Today, the Indian dairy industry stands at a mammoth size of US$ 70 billion. Moreover, the estimated milk demand in India is 128 million tonnes by 2020 (Alagh, 2012). The industry had been recording a growth of 3-4 per cent annually during the period 1991-2011, which is almost three times the average growth rate of the dairy industry in the world. According to the Ministry of Food Processing Industry, milk processing in India is around 35 per cent, of which the organised dairy industry account for 13 per cent of the milk produced, while the rest of the milk is either consumed at farm level, or sold as fresh, non-pasteurised milk through unorganised channels. Milk is processed and marketed by 170 Milk Producers’ Co-operative Unions, which federate into 15 State Cooperative Milk Marketing Federations. The top ten milk producing states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Haryana account for more than 80 per cent of India’s milk production. Dairy production is an important direct and supplementary source of income for around 75 million rural families (mainly comprising small farmers and landless labourers), which accounts for around 98 per cent of total milk production. Andhra Pradesh, among other major milk producing states is milk surplus state in India. However, the dairy sector is still facing daunting challenges of low productivity of dairy animals, lack of effective quality and hygienic control systems, and inefficient network of cold chain infrastructure from the producer to the consumer. The present paper highlights the issues related to inefficient supply chain in dairying in Andhra Pradesh state and recommends the Geographic Information System (GIS) to improve the efficiency.

The present study assessed the customer satisfaction towards the products and services of Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) in the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 8 FPCs were selected purposively from both crop (4 nos.) and dairy sectors (4 nos.) of both the states. A customer satisfaction index was developed using SERVQUAL (Service Quality) framework for the present study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule from a total sample of 160 customers associated with direct purchase from the FPCs. Findings of the study revealed that, among the crop sector FPCs, AttaluruPalem FPC (APOFPCL) obtained highest mean scores for the components- reliability, responsiveness and empathy, while Indervelly FPC (IFPCL) scored highest on tangibles and assurance components. Conversely, Shreeja MPC (SMMPCL) outperformed other dairy FPCs scoring highest mean scores on majority of the components due to better customer engagement practices, quality control, brand value and trust. While significant difference in the customer satisfaction levels were observed among the crop sector FPCs, no such significant variations was observed among the dairy FPCs. A majority (55.00%) of customers reported low satisfaction with crop sector FPC products/services, followed by 33.75% expressing medium satisfaction level. In contrast, more than three-fourth of the customers expressed medium level of satisfaction towards the products/ services of the dairy FPCs. The findings highlight the need for enhanced focus on weak areas, especially by crop sector FPCs to strategically improve the customer satisfaction through reliability in quality, steady supply, market research and after-sales support.

The dairy and poultry sectors responded quickly to the initial adjustments in the quantity and nature of food products forced by the shuttering of the hospitality sector and the subsequent switch to buying food from grocery stores. In addition, these sectors were less affected by the labor availability and health issues from COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease‐2019) that plagued others, such as red meat processors. While the overall impacts were less than most other parts of the agri‐food system, some elements of supply managed products, particularly poultry processors, have experienced a reduction in returns and are still adjusting to the new demand and supply situation. The extent of the impact is correlated with the degree to which the supply chain further upstream was connected to the downstream hospitality sector.

The application of genetic selection technologies in livestock breeding offers unique opportunities to enhance the productivity, profitability, and competitiveness of the livestock industry in Scotland. However, there is a concern that the uptake of these technologies has been slower in the sheep and beef sectors in comparison to the dairy, pig and poultry sectors. This is rather paradoxical given the fact that Scotland’s research outputs in farm animal genetics are widely perceived to be excellent. A growing body of literature, popularly known as Innovation Systems theories, suggests that technological transformations require a much broader approach that transcends formal research establishments. Accordingly, this paper reports on preliminary work exploring whether and how an agricultural innovation systems perspective could help identify the dynamics of technology uptake in the livestock sectors in Scotland. Although the work has been undertaken in dairy, sheep, and beef sectors, in this paper, we provide the preliminary results obtained from a case study of the sheep sector only. The key objectives of this work were to map the sheep genetics innovation system in Scotland and identify the barriers prevailing within the system with regard to the uptake of genetic selection technologies. Although the sheep innovation system was characterised by the presence of all key domains and actors, it was found to suffer from some crucial weaknesses relating to network integration, technological infrastructure, and policies and institutional frameworks. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Serving up graduates

Most global strategies for future food security focus on sustainable intensification of production of food and involve increased use of nitrogen fertilizer and manure. The external costs of current high nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union, are 0.3–1.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008. We explore the potential of sustainable extensification for agriculture in the EU and The Netherlands by analysing cases and scenario studies focusing on reducing N inputs and livestock densities. Benefits of extensification are higher local biodiversity and less environmental pollution and therefore less external costs for society. Extensification also has risks such as a reduction of yields and therewith a decrease of the GDP and farm income and a smaller contribution to the global food production, and potentially an i0ncrease of global demand for land. We demonstrate favourable examples of extensification. Reducing the N fertilization rate for winter wheat in Northwest Europe to 25–30% below current N recommendations accounts for the external N cost, but requires action to compensate for a reduction in crop yield by 10–20%. Dutch dairy and pig farmers changing to less intensive production maintain or even improve farm income by price premiums on their products, and/or by savings on external inputs. A scenario reducing the Dutch pig and poultry sector by 50%, the dairy sector by 20% and synthetic N fertilizer use by 40% lowers annual N pollution costs by 0.2–2.2 billion euro (40%). This benefit compensates for the loss of GDP in the primary sector but not in the supply and processing chain. A 2030 scenario for the EU27 reducing consumption and production of animal products by 50% (demitarean diet) reduces N pollution by 10% and benefits human health. This diet allows the EU27 to become a food exporter, while reducing land demand outside Europe in 2030 by more than 100 million hectares (2%), which more than compensates increased land demand when changing to organic farming. We conclude that in Europe extensification of agriculture is sustainable when combined with adjusted diets and externalization of environmental costs to food prices.